Effects Of Stress On Children Suffering Of Posttraumatic...

Section B: 1. Considering the trauma Tony had faced at 8 years old and especially taking into consideration the injuries of his family that occurred from their house burning down we can relate it to the difficulties Tony is now facing. Of this incident, Tony can no longer remain on his own, as he tends to be irritable and hyperactive as well as experiencing difficulty during the night as it often contains frightening nightmares of being trapped. Therefore, this has the result to Tony refusing to sleep on his own he must be accompanied by both parents. However, based on these emotional difficulties Tony has been experiencing he is experiencing a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In reference to his terrifying nightmares of feeling†¦show more content†¦In regards, of Tony’s emotional difficulty in terms of suffering from PTSD this can contribute to further emotional or psychiatric difficulties. Firstly, this can result of one to also experience a generalized anxiety which r elies on a heavy concern of worrying of events and activities which could trigger for Tony as he already can not tolerate being alone. Next, can also contribute to separation anxiety, which tends to describe youths who suffer from a significant amount of anxiety when separating from a parent as noticed in Tony’s circumstance he can’t sleep without both parents being present. Also, another factor could result of panic which consist of a sense of fear or terror (Wicks-Nelson Israel, 2013). In association to Tony, we already witness horrifying nightmares about being trapped. However, depression is often as well an associated symptom, which consist of a person undergoing a very dark moment conflicting ones ability of functioning which can be highly reflected upon Tony as he has been referred to as not doing well. Lastly, ADHD is also a concern that consist of one who to have difficulty sustaining focus, and leading one to be fidgety where this has been apparent in Tony a s he has been

Essay on Analysing the Recent Economic Recession and Its...

The business cycle is the short-run alternation between economic downturns and economic upturns (Investopedia n.d.). A recession is an economic downturn and happens in every country and some recessions are worse than others and the output of GDP and employment are falling farther and faster. The great depression lasted from 1929-1933 and was a deep prolonged downturn in the business cycle before a recovery/expansion of the business cycle occurred and GDP and employment started to rise (Krugman Wells. 2012). The next recession lasted from 1981-1982 and was comparatively smaller than the first (Krugman Wells. 2012). More recently in 2001 a slump in the economy was noted and was followed by the great rescission of 2007-2009 (Krugman †¦show more content†¦An examples of the circular cash flow model is demonstrated in figure 21-6. â€Å"Firms produce output and then pay income to households and households then use this income to buy goods expenditure† (Pettinger. n.d.). Unemployment Rate Labor Force Participation Rate Labor force is the amount of people who are employed and currently have a job and the people who are unemployed and currently do not have a job (Krugman Wells. 2012). The labor force participation rate is calculated with people sixteen years of age and older that are employed, while the unemployment rate is measured by the percent of the total number of people sixteen years of age and older who do not have a job (Krugman Wells. 2012). The United States assigns the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) with the task of tracking the employment and unemployment rate of the labor force in the United States (BOOK). 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Progress or Collapse The Crises of Market Greed

Question: Describe about the Progress or Collapse: The Crises of Market Greed? Answer: Introduction: Founded in 1984, Virgin Atlantic has grown to become one of the largest airline companies in England (Virgin Atlantic 2013). The company currently operates as a joint venture with the Singapore Airline, which owns 49% stake. Even though the company was started to provide flights between London and Falkland Islands alone, the increased demand for the airline services forced the company to increase its travel destinations. Today, the airline provides air transport to different destinations around the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia using a mixed fleet of Boeing and Airbus. Part One (1A) Objectives of Virgin Atlantic Airways (VAA) As one of the fastest growing airline companies in the world, the key objective of Virgin Airways is to become the most preferred airline of choice across the continent. In this regard, Virgin Atlantic has put his focus in providing an airline that is not only cheap, but also creates comfort to its clients. According to the CEO of the company, one of the main aims of the company is to provide its clients with quality services that they cannot get elsewhere (Virgin Atlantic 2013). These include good customer service, inexpensive charges for flights and good flight experience among other services that their clients might need. Like many other airline, Virgin Atlantic also aims to become a profitable airline. Even though the company has been reporting huge losses in the past few years, the company believes that it would soon start registering profits. In 2013 financial year, for instance, Virgin Atlantic reported a loss of 128.4 million. However, the company believes that by improving t he quality of service delivery as well as expanding its program coverage, the company will become the airline of choice to people across the globe. In return, this will make the company profitable. In addition, Virgin Atlantic aims to become an example to other airlines in the industry by setting standards for them to emulate. This includes flying airlines that are green and fuel efficient. So far, global warming is one of the major environmental issues affecting the world. Therefore, Virgin Atlantic aims to set an example by providing green airlines. In fact, the company is already in the process of going green. In 2006, the company announced it plans to invest 1.7 million the production of renewable energy. As earlier mentioned, the aim of making such a huge investment is to lower level of carbon emissions that cause global warming effect currently felt in different parts of the world. The purposes and objectives of Virgin Atlantic are different from those of the British Red Cross. Formed in 1870 the purpose of the British Red Cross is to provide humanitarian assistance in disaster stricken areas in the U.K (Laking 2011, p. 3). This is a direct contrast the purpose of Virgin of providing air transport services to different destinations around the world. Britain, as other parts of the world is prone to disasters. Therefore, in the event that disaster strikes in the UK, such as a fire break out, the British Red Cross normally comes in to provide evacuation assistance. In addition, it ensures that people injured during a disaster receive first aid treatment and rushed to the hospital. Further, British Red Cross also provides food assistance to the hungry in the UK In this regard, it becomes apparent that the purposes of the two organizations contrast with one another. Secondly, whereas Virgin Atlantic aims at making huge profits, British Red Cross main aim is to ensure that people receive humanitarian assistance free of charge (Laking 2011, p. 3). As a non-profit making organization, British Red Cross does not provide services with the aim of profit as Virgin Atlantic does. This is attributable to the fact that British Red Cross gets funded through donors and well wishers. However, both Virgin Atlantic and the British Red Cross aim to ensure that their clients receive quality services. As earlier mentioned, Virgin Atlantic is working tirelessly towards ensuring that traveling using its airline services receive lucrative travel experience. British Red Cross, on the other hand, also aims to ensure that British nationals affected by a disaster receive quality care (Laking 2011, p. 6). These include faster response to disasters and other areas of in need of emergency services. AC 1.2 Responsibilities of VAA towards its key stakeholders: Stakeholder Objectives of Stakeholder Strategies to obtain this Customers Customers expects the company to provide them with quality and affordable flight services and good customer experience provide customers with lucrative air travel at an affordable cost the company offers exceptional customer experience charges is cheaper compared to other airlines in the industry Employees/Staffs Their objective is to attain adequate management support and empowerment to work independently Management motivates and empowers employees to participate in the decision-making process Adequate employee benefits Investors Their objective is to ensure that a company protects their investments (Moscaritolo 2014, p. 5). fulfils contractual obligation of protecting the investment that shareholders have put in the company determined to turnaround the company by posting huge profits in the future AC 1.3 Organizational Responsibilities: Responsibility Why it is a responsibility? Strategies obtained Equal Opportunity It states that every individual is equal and that the company has equal responsibility to each of the stakeholders Effective law and policies to impart equal opportunity to every stakeholder Social contribution The society expects Virgin Atlantic to act ethically and under corporate social responsibility initiatives to protect the environment. The company is undertaking a number of corporate social responsibility initiatives aimed at improving the lives of people in society. As part of corporate social responsibility, Virgin Atlantic is actively involved in environmental conservation initiatives aimed to make society a better place to live. The company also announced its plan to invest $400 million to build the largest bioethernal refineries in the world. In 2006, the company announced a plan to invest 1.7 billion on renewable energy (Moscaritolo 2014, p. 5) Customer preferences Customers satisfaction is the greatest essence for any business organization Customers decide profitability or loss of an organization Cost-effective services Excellent customer services Beneficial offers Health safety It is the foremost objective and responsibility because it ensures safety aspects of every individual AC 2.2 Impact of fiscal monetary policies upon VAA The recent financial crisis of 2007/2008 did have a ripple effect on the US economy. In fact, economists claim that the UK is still suffering from the effects of the recent global financial meltdown that affected almost all sectors of the economy in the UK The manufacturing industries in the UK were among the worst hit sectors of the economy that registered a decline of 7% between 2008 and 2013. Unemployment rates also increased to 8.1% in 2011 (Moulds and Inman 2013, p. 6). The airline industry was among the worst hit industries. According to Steve Ridgway, the CEO of Virgin Atlantic Airways, no single airline is immune from recession. He made this statement in reference to the fact that Virgin Atlantic, like other airlines, such as the British Airways suffered from recession. For instance, Virgin Atlantic was forced to downsize due to the recession by laying off about 600 workers in order to cut down cost. The recession also affected Virgin Atlantic Airways in that had to cut the pay of some of its employees to reduce cost. In addition, the company shareholders were also severely affected by the drop in the share prices. In fact, the CEO of the company Steve Ridgway reveals that shareholders received very little dividends on their investments because of the recession that affected the airline industry. The most surprising thing, however, is that the UK government failed to offer any assistance to the airline industry during the recession. These fiscal and monetary initiatives have had a huge impact on Virgin Atlantic operations. For instance, the qualitative easing policy initiative have encourage consumer spending in this country. This impacted positively Virgin Atlantic Airways by making money available to passengers to spend on air transport. The increased number of passengers on VAA has increased the revenue of the company. As a matter of fact, VAA experienced a decline in the number of UK passengers using the company airline services during the recession due to lack of money. However, the company has been experiencing an increase in the number of passengers since the BOE introduced the QE monetary policy. The monetary and fiscal policies initiated by BOE have also improved economic growth, as well as reducing inflation rates in the country. Most airline companies, including VAA experienced a rise in the cost of service delivery due to the increase in the cost of fuels during recession. In fact, VAA has attributed the losses it has made in the recent past partly to the rising cost of fuel. However, the situation has changed significantly in the company since the UK government initiated the fiscal and monetary policies. According to Whish (2008, p. 56), the fiscal and monetary initiatives have contained inflation, which has resulted in a reduction in fuel prices in the country. The reduction in fuel prices has been a reprieve to VAA since this has significantly reduced the cost it incurs in buying fuel, which has also translated to a reduction in the cost of operations. AC 2.3 Impact of UK/EU competition regulatory policies on VAA Fiscal and monetary initiatives have had a huge impact on Virgin Atlantic operations. For instance, the qualitative easing policy initiative have encourage consumer spending in this country. This impacted positively Virgin Atlantic Airways by making money available to passengers to spend on air transport. TheCompetition Act 1998, Enterprise Act 2002 and Article 101/102 of the EU legislations are the most important statuteslegislations. These laws prohibit agreements or practices that restrict free trading and competition between business entities. The Enterprise act 2002 as well as article 85 or 86 of the EU legislation were actually enacted for promoting free competition as well as preventing development of monopolies. Thus, the UK/EU competition as well as regulatory policies would benefit VAA performances as the policies usually create an environment whereby free competition is permitted. For instance, lack of the policy might create an environment that promotes monopoly, which would be disadvantageous to VAA. Therefore, the UK/EU competition as well as regulatory policies would create an environment to favor all market players within the airline industry in Europe. AC 3.2 Forces of demand and supply upon pricing decisions sales of VAA Pricing and sales decisions of any company operating in a competitive market are depended on the forces of demand and supply. VAA is one of the airline companies that operate in a very competitive environment. This implies that, in order for the company to gain competitive advantage, it must consider the forces of supply and demand in the industry (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2010). Some of the airline companies that VAA competes with include the British Airways, Ryan Air and Easy Jet just to name but a few. Therefore, in making pricing decisions, VAA must consider the supply factor. According to the law of supply, an increase in price in the market results in an increase in the quantity supplied, ceteris paribus. Therefore, in making a pricing decision, VAA will have to consider the supply element. As such, before fixing a price for its airline tickets, VAA will have to consider the number of airlines in the industry. This is attributable to the fact that charging high prices f or tickets in a market with many airlines will make VAA lose the passengers using its airline services to its rival firms, such as British airways, Easy Jet and Ryan Air among other airline companies. Therefore, it would be prudent for VAA to set ticket prices competitively after taking the supply of airline into consideration. This implies that, VAA will have to set ticket prices not too high or too low in comparison to other firms' ticket prices in the airline industry. At the same time, VAA must consider the demand factor in the market before setting prices for air tickets and other services. According to the law of demand, the higher the price, the lower the demand while the lower the price the higher the demand. This implies that it would be prudent for VAA to charge higher prices for its airline tickets when the demand for its airline services is high. This is because the high demand will mean few airline tickets (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2010). As such, the many passengers who wish to fly on VAA airline will be scrambling for the few available tickets making it easy for VAA to charge highly for the tickets. However, when demand for its airline declines, VAA will have to lower its ticket prices in order to attract more passengers to travel on its airline. Therefore, taking into consideration the forces of demand and supply will certainly be very crucial in making pricing and sales decisions. Impact of business environment on behavior of VAA: The way the business environment affects the behavior of VAA can be evaluated using PEST analysis tool. PEST is an acronym that stands for political, environmental, social and technological factors that affect a firm. Politically, VAA operates in an environment full of government interventions. For instance, the company's operations are affected with the taxes imposed by different countries on landing and packing (Moscaritolo 2014, p. 5). At the same time, some countries where the VAA operates are facing political instabilities. These among other factors impact negatively on the company's operations. Regarding economic environment, the operations of VAA have been impacted negatively in the past by increases in the cost of fuels, recession, high insurance and security costs, as well as increased rate of unemployment. These factors are partly responsible for the declined profitability of the company in the recent past. Regarding social environment, the operations of VAA are affected by the cultural aspects, career attitudes, as well as seasonal offers. Since the socio-cultural influences value from one place to another, VAA constantly evaluates the customer attitudes in different parts of the world before beginning to fly its airplanes these regions. Technology is another factor that affects VAA's strategic planning initiatives. Therefore, to keep up with the technological advancement, VAA has implemented the internet for distribution and cost synergy. In addition, the company also offers online ticketing services, as well as e-marketing. In addition, most operations of the company have been computerized to increase efficiency in service delivery. Cultural factors: Culture is a major factor that affects the airline industry. Virgin Atlantic is one of the airlines that have been confronted with cultural influences. For instance, the company has always found it had penetrating into some Asian countries due to cultural influences, such as religion and the fact that it is a British company (Moscaritolo 2014, p. 5). At the same time, the company is sometimes forced to abide by the cultures adopted in certain countries in order to get landing license. Impact of international trade: Virgin Atlantic Airways has been greatly benefiting from the aspect of international trade. Being a firm that offers the service of air transport to various destinations across the globe, the company is likely to benefit from varied approaches of international trade as it would give it the opportunity to explore innovative markets to bring about growth as well as profitability (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2010). Presently there exist some potential markets to bring about expansion of the company operations. Hence, international trade would definitely make it possible for the company to enhance its own market share within new markets where it has yet not ventured. The company would even benefit from various approaches of international trade by means of brand awareness as well as networking. There are several people who have not heard about the company. Nevertheless, international trade is said to offer the company some explicit opportunities to create its brand awareness. Besides , international trade would lead to enhancement of imports as well as exports amidst nations by providing VAA with a business opportunity. Impact of Global Factors: Multinational companies, such as VAA are normally confronted with another of factors, including political, economical, sociological, technological, legal and environmental factors. Political: VAA is hugely affected by the taxes levied in different countries where it operates for landing and fuel. Economical: Globally, the interest rate fluctuation normally affects the company's pricing decisions. At the same time, the global prices of oil also affect the VAA's profitability as was evident during the recent recession that caused global increase in prices of oil. Social: The operations of VAA are also affected largely by social factors. For instance, the company is required by law to abide by certain safety measures both on the ground and on board (Moscaritolo 2014, p. 5). At the same time, the increase in population, as well as ageing populations also affect the activities of the airline. For instance, an increase in baby boomers implies that there are many people with disposable income, which increases the company's profitability. Technological: Research shows that as the technological advancements experienced in the recent past has impacted hugely on the activities of VAA. For instance, the company has had to computerize its operations to increase efficiency. Currently, VAA offers online ticketing services with the help of technology. At the same time, the company engages in e-marketing for its products and services. Today, the company uses various social media platforms to create brand awareness and engage with its customers. This has helped improve the relationship between the VAA and its customers. Legal: Some of the legal aspects within various nations are said to affect the company operations. The firm has revealed that nations maintain strict laws thereby making the operation difficult. For instance, some nations put restrictions upon landing time that impacts negatively upon the operations of airlines within such nations. Environment: The aspect of global warming is considered to be a key environmental issue that affects the world today. Thus, airlines companies must reduce the level of fuel emissions for mitigating the global warming issue. In compliance with the legal law, the company is in the process of implementing a raft of initiatives, involving investments within renewable sources of energy for reducing the level of emissions from its airplanes (Moscaritolo 2014, 5). However, this is associated with a cost since the airline is forced to spend huge amounts of money upon the project. Impact of the European Union Policies on VAA: A reduction within international border of trade as well as agreement would certainly benefit the company greatly. It is due to the fact that such type of barriers would usually make the trade amidst countries quite difficult. Thus opening up trade amidst nations would mean that the company would get more and more customers willing to travel by airlines, thereby resulting in enhanced sales as well as profit. The harmonization of technical as well as safety standards abided on varied products (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2010). Therefore, harmonising the standards will make the work of VAA easy. Exercise duties and fiscal barriers normally make the operation of VAA difficult. This is because the company has to comply with one after the other. Therefore, closer harmonization of excise duties and VAT will make the work of VAA easier, as well as increase faster compliance. Economic systems (LO2.1) Generally speaking, economists recognize three fundamental economic systems that determine what goods to produce, how it is produced and to whom the goods or services in question are produced. The three economic systems include free market, command and mixed market economies. The three types of economic systems differ from each other with regard to the manner in which economic decisions are made. Free Market Economy: A free market economy is one of the most common types of economic systems in operation in many countries across the globe. In this type of economy, key economic decisions are made by individuals themselves (De Vogli 2013, p. 6). This implies that there is no government control over the economic decision that an individual makes. As such, in a free market economy, consumers are free to purchase the goods of their choice without interference from the government or other external forces. Similarly, in a free market economy, corporations are free to make their own economic decisions. In this regard, firms are free to produce goods of their choice without interference or being told by the government. This implies that firms are allowed in a free market economy to produce goods and services, which they believe will attract a large number of consumers. This implies that if a firm chooses a wrong product to produce, it may be forced out of business due to lack of customers to buy the product s. However, if a firm chose the right product or service to produce in such a market, it sells well and makes profits. A free market economy is also characterized with high competition. In fact, economists believe that a free market economy is perfectly competitive due to the existence of many autonomous buyers and sellers. The competitiveness in a free market economy is also exuberated by the fact that there is free entry and exit of firms. This is attributable to the fact that such a market has no barriers to entry and exit of any firm (De Vogli 2013, p. 6). Therefore, firms are forced to compete fiercely for the consumers available in the market while consumers also compete among themselves for the products and services on offer. A free market economy is also recognized by the pricing mechanism. Since the market is perfectly competitive, prices in the market are mainly dictated by the forces of demand and supply. This implies that no single firm has the power to control the prices in the market. As such, it is normally known as a price mechanism market. A majority of major economies in the world, including the United States, Germany and Japan is all free market economies. Command Market: Command or planned economy is also another economic system mainly adopted by emerging economies (Shapiro 2007, p. 26). As the name implies, within a command economic system, it is assessed that the government is said to control the three economic decisions, including what to produce, how to produce and whom to produce the goods and services. As such, unlike in a free market economy, whereby a company is usually free for producing goods as well as services, command economy does not allow it to occur. Instead, the government is said to dictate the firms what they must produce, irrespective of whether the goods will be sold or not. This is attributable to the fact that the government owns all the country's factors of production. Shapiro (2007, p. 27) noted that the only factor of production where the government has no total control in a command economic system is the labor. However, the government has some degree of control over workers. Within a planned economy, no free enterprise exis ts as is the case within free market economies. In fact, in a planned economy, the government, consumers and employees all work for a common good rather than for self interest as evident in communist countries, such as in the former Soviet Union. Unlike in a free market economies where competition is high, there is very little or no competition in a planned economy. As a result, there is no price mechanism in a command economy. This implies that, unlike in a free market economy, where forces of demands and supply determine the prices of goods and services, price mechanism does not exist in a planned economy. As such, prices of goods and services are set by authorities. Some of the practical command economies in the world include China and South Korea. Mixed Economies: As suggested by the name, a mixed economy refers to an economic system whereby the extremes of both the free market as well as command economies exist. As a mixed economy combines the characteristics of both the economies, the theory fails to answer the economic questions of what to produce, how to produce and whom to produce. This is due to the fact that mixed economy is a complement of both the economies. Hence within a mixed economy, some factors of production are owned by the national government whereas some are owned privately. This denotes the absence of absolute ownership of factors of production by either individuals or individuals. Within the economic system, self-interest is partially a motivational factor of the economy. It denotes that consumers can freely maximize their welfare just like within a free market economy (Shapiro 2007, p. 31). However, the government is also said to play a significant role to fulfill good objective. As referred to competition, the private sector of mixed economy may be quite competitive. The government Control reduces the competition to a great extent. Also within a mixed economy, the mechanism of pricing operates within the private sector. But, the efficiency of price mechanism is based upon the degree of market competition. In the United Kingdom, the government is said to normally provide programs like that of education as well as NHS quite fr ee at the point of use. Also, the government at times imposes some charges for providing services, such as lunch. Effectiveness of allocation of resources: Depending upon the way the economic systems would allocate resources, it would become apparent that a free market economy is said to allocate resources more effectively than the mixed economies. As stated previously, within a free market economy firms are quite free to produce goods of choice without interruption from government (Shapiro 2007, p. 36). In addition, resources are privately owned by individuals. This refers to an efficient manner of allocating resources as compared to mixed resources. The fact that individuals have the power of allocating resources on an individual basis is effective since an individual either buys or sell goods, which one wants. This is not usual within command economy whereby the government is said to control the manner of resources allocation. Furthermore, the fact that in a command economy the government has absolute control of how resources are allocated, this is susceptible to abuse (Whish 2008, p. 52). This is because authorities might favour som e areas resulting in unequal distribution of resources. The same applies to a mixed economic system, which does not allocate resources effectively due to government control over some sectors of the economy. Therefore, it's certain that a free market allocate resources more effectively than the other two economies. Determination of prices output decisions in a perfect competitive market: Basically, firms operate in different types of markets that dictate how prices and outputs decisions are made. The different markets include a perfectly competitive market, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. In this regard, the pricing and output decisions are made in accordance with the nature of the market. Pricing output decisions in a perfectly competitive market: Generally the pricing as well as output decisions are based upon the way a market is deemed competitive. This is applicable to a perfectly competitive market, whereby the pricing as well as output decision taken in accordance with the market attributes. A perfectly competitive market refers to the type of market where several buyers as well as sellers exist (De Vogli 2013, p. 13). Within this type of market, the products sold are quite identical in nature, thus form many substitutes. Also no barriers to entry and exist of firms exist within the market. Thus due to the competitive nature of the market, the prices at which goods are usually sold are well determined by the market forces of supply as well as demand. This is said to imply that sellers or firms possess no control over prices of goods as well as services within the market. For instance, in a perfectly competitive market, no single company can dictate the prices of products as well as services due to the existence of several sellers who offer substitute products (Whish 2008, p. 56). This implies that, if one firm decides to increase the prices of goods, consumers would simply move to other sellers who supply the same goods at a low price. This makes firms that increase their prices to lose their market share. Gasoline market is a classical example of a perfectly competitive market where the pricing and output decisions are determined by the forces of demand and supply. This implies that, a single firm in a gasoline market has very little control over the prices to charge. As such, as long as the station is busy getting customers, there is no reason for such a gasoline station to lower prices. However, if the gasoline station increases its gasoline prices by say 5 cents a gallon, this will result in the gasoline station losing its customers to other gasoline stations selling gasoline at a cheaper price than the station. The pricing and output decisions in a pure monopoly are quite different with that in a perfectly competitive market. To begin with, a pure monopolistic market is one where there is only a single producer of product or services, but with many consumers. As a result, there is no competition in a pure monopoly (De Vogli 2013, p. 19). This implies that the monopoly produces the goods at its own pleasure. At the same time, the goods supplied by a monopoly have no close substitute. Unlike in a perfectly competitive market where there is free entry and exit, in a purely monopolistic market, entry is blocked and the monopoly focuses mainly on the maximization of profits. Since only one firm exists in the market, prices of goods and services are not determined by the forces of demand and supply. Instead, the monopoly has absolute control over the prices in the market due to lack of substitutes for the product or service in the market. At the same time, monopolist has no ability to sell as much as it desires at the prevailing market price. Rather, if a monopolist intends to sell a large quantity of goods, it must lower prices. Shapiro (2007, p. 70) attributed this to the fact that for a monopolist has a downward-slopping as the firm sells to the entire market. In addition, for a monopolist who wants to maximise profits, then firm must continue producing the good as long as the marginal cost is less than marginal revenue. Public utilities are a good example of pure monopolies. A monopolistic competition refers to a market structure with relatively a large number of firms producing products which are similar but not identical (De Vogli 2013, p. 22). This type of market is almost similar to a perfectly competitive market in the sense that there are many firms in the industry with each producer selling a small part of the goods supplied in the market. Like in a perfectly competitive market, there is free entry and exit of firms in a monopolistic competition. In addition, buyers in a monopolistic competition market are believed to have perfect information regarding the prices of goods and services in the market. Generally, a monopolistically competitive firm is a price maker (Shapiro 2007, p. 76). This is attributable to the fact that, even though there are many small firms in the market, the products dealt with are not identical. However, the pricing decisions of such firms are made depending on the short or long-run prevailing conditions. In this regard, in the short run, a monopolistic completion is similar to a perfect monopoly. However, the firm is only able to maximise its profits where marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost. However, at the point where average total cost equals the price, a monopolistically competitive firm will only earn normal profit. This is different will the long-run where a monopolistically competitive firm does not earn economic profit, rather earns just a normal profit. As profits in the short-run attract new firms in the industry, this increases competition resulting in increase in average cost. Oligopoly by definition refers to a market structure dominated by few firms (Shapiro 2007, p. 81). This may result from collusion between firms in order to minimise competition so as to increase prices charged to consumers. Since there are few firms in the industry, the action of one firm is normally followed by other firms in the industry. The media industry, such as television firms is a classical example of an oligopoly. In the UK, for instance, any move made by BBC News broadcast station influences the decisions made by other firms. Regarding pricing decisions, an oligopoly is a price maker. This implies that any firm in the market is able to determine a price. This is particularly so with regards to the most dominant firm or price leader. In this regard, in the event that one firm reduces fees charged for a given service, other firms are likely to follow a similar move in order to remain relevant. Failure to lower price as does the price leader makes a firm lose market share sin ce consumers will shift to the firm charging low fees for the product or service (Shapiro 2007, p. 91). However, a firm operating in an oligopolistic market usually finds it difficult increasing its prices. This is because any increase in price means that consumers have alternative firms to turn to for services or products. In most case, only the dominant firm sets prices, which other firms in the industry are forced to follow. References De Vogli, R 2013, Progress or collapse: The crises of market greed. Routledge, London, UK. Johnson, G.,Scholes, K., Whittington, R 2010, Exploring Corporate Strategy, viewed 13 Feb. 2014 www.bbc.co.uk/news/business. Laking, A. T 2011, Elementary manual of First Aid - British Red Cross Society. Read Books Design, Manchester, UK. Moscaritolo, A 2014, Virgin Atlantic testing Google Glass to make flying sexy again. PC News, 11 February, p. 5. Moulds, J., Inman, P 2013, UK economy should avoid triple-dip recession, OECD forecasts. The Guardian, 28 March, p. 7. Shapiro, M. M 2007, Foundations of the market price system. Ludwig von Mises Institute, London, UK. Virgin Atlantic 2013, World-first low carbon aviation fuel to be developed for Virgin Atlantic, viewed 13 Feb. 2014 https://www.virgin.com/travel/world-first-low-carbon-aviation-fuel-be-developed-virgin-atlantic. Whish, R 2008, Competition law (6th Edn). Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Paper Writing Services - How To Choose A Paper Writing Company

Nowadays, students are finding different ways to score good grades in their assignments or tests. For these students prefer to hire online experts of paper writing service, they will write high quality content on your behalf and help you to score good grades. Actually, there are so many online writing specialists present out there that will help you to submit high quality content. While searching for the best content specialists keep in mind that you have to search out for the best. And it will be better if you consider suggestions or recommendations of your friends in this regard and then accordingly choose the experienced research paper writing service. Here we are discussing about tips and tricks to choose paper writing Company: Never choose the cheap writers: While choosing the paper writing specialists it is very important to opt for the experienced writer. And keep in mind that choosing the writer who is offering cheap rates and offering low quality content will be a bad idea. Instead prefer to choose the professional paper writing services who offer affordable rates and high quality content. Students should always stay away from sites that offer best free essay or cheap price essay. Normally these sites offer low quality writings that will never help you to earn good grades in your assignments, essay or tests. Know about their writing styles: Another thing that you have to consider before selecting the professional writing services for your college assignments is their writing styles. Its better to ask them about the type of essay writing styles they are offering and then based on that now you have to make your decision. Obviously, if your requirements are to write argumentative essay, but they are only offering services of writing expository essays, then it they will not be suitable for you to hire that company. Instead, you should prefer to hire the best company available that offer different writing style just like . Check out their style of writing: Before hiring the writing company you should prefer to check out their writing styles and match it with your requirements. In this regard, you can also ask experts about paper writing service to show you their previous work. From there you can easily recognize the quality of their work and then based on that simply take decision whether you want to hire them or not. Â   Prefer to have open communication: Another thing that matters a lot while hiring research paper writing service is open communication. Keep in mind there should be an open communications between you and writing experts. As that will help you to discuss in detail about all the requirements in order to get the best quality work. So students should always prefer to hire the writer specialist that is available 24/7 to resolve your issues. There must be unlimited revisions: Another very important thing that you have to consider while hiring the best paper writing services is the number of revisions which they are offering. There are so many professionals who are very much confident on their work that’s why they offer unlimited revisions and money back guarantee to their clients. So hiring these type of writing specialists will always be the best decision. Check if the writers are specialists: Another thing that you should consider while hiring the professional writing services is the education and specialties of their writers. Keep in mind that best academic companies have well-educated writers that will help you to score good grades in your assignments, tests or research papers. So hiring professionals will always be the best decision of your life. Infect you can also take helpful instructions from these well-educated experts to improve your own writing skills. Prefer to get a plagiarism report: According the experts of paper writing service it is very important to submit plagiarism free content. Otherwise, teachers will deduct your marks and you will never get successful in scoring good grades. But if you will hire the expert writers they will provide you a complete plagiarism free report. And ensure your original plagiarism free content with a complete money back guarantee. So yes students who possess poor writing skills should prefer to hire paper writing services. Obviously, if your requirements are to write argumentative essay, but they are only offering services of writing expository essays, then it they will not be suitable for you to hire that company. Instead, you should prefer to hire the best company available that offer different writing style just like . Check out their style of writing: Before hiring the writing company you should prefer to check out their writing styles and match it with your requirements. In this regard, you can also ask experts about paper writing service to show you their previous work. From there you can easily recognize the quality of their work and then based on that simply take decision whether you want to hire them or not. Prefer to have open communication: Another thing that matters a lot while hiring research paper writing service is open communication. Keep in mind there should be an open communications between you and writing experts. As that will help you to discuss in detail about all the requirements in order to get the best quality work. So students should always prefer to hire the writer specialist that is available 24/7 to resolve your issues.

Free Essays on Death To Socrates

Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates. The â€Å"Apology†, pp. 19-41 â€Å"Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others†. (pp. 21) This is the nature of the accusation against Socrates for his work. Socrates was a philosopher with no real answers only an abundance of questions he shared with the people of his time, that would eventually cost him his life. An example most noted of him testing people with ideas was when he seeked the oracle. It is said that Socrates met with the oracle and asked if any one was wiser then he. With confidence the oracle replied that one was wise her the him. Determined to prove the oracle wrong Socrates met with people of different back rounds that were sought to be wiser then he. While meeting with various groups, including, politicians, poets and other philosophers he realized that even though all are wise in their area of study none knew much more out side of it. However, all claimed to know more then they actually did. Socrates soon realized that neither knowing nor thinking that you know, its indeed wiser the pretending to be. Socrates taught this to young eager minds all over and taught them to question things that normally would be looked past. He was criticized for teaching young people to question authority , and questioning spiritual and divine agencies. As the book tells us he explained the need for teachers to Callias. His analogy was that if you were to buy horses would you not hire a horse trainer. Same goes for children. Would you not hire some one to teach them? This was the basis of his philosophy. He went to trial in ancient times and was seen as guilty by his peers and sentence to either exile or to death in which he choose death. With the philosophy that â€Å"an examined life is not worth living.† Not his protï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Death To Socrates Free Essays on Death To Socrates Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates. The â€Å"Apology†, pp. 19-41 â€Å"Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others†. (pp. 21) This is the nature of the accusation against Socrates for his work. Socrates was a philosopher with no real answers only an abundance of questions he shared with the people of his time, that would eventually cost him his life. An example most noted of him testing people with ideas was when he seeked the oracle. It is said that Socrates met with the oracle and asked if any one was wiser then he. With confidence the oracle replied that one was wise her the him. Determined to prove the oracle wrong Socrates met with people of different back rounds that were sought to be wiser then he. While meeting with various groups, including, politicians, poets and other philosophers he realized that even though all are wise in their area of study none knew much more out side of it. However, all claimed to know more then they actually did. Socrates soon realized that neither knowing nor thinking that you know, its indeed wiser the pretending to be. Socrates taught this to young eager minds all over and taught them to question things that normally would be looked past. He was criticized for teaching young people to question authority , and questioning spiritual and divine agencies. As the book tells us he explained the need for teachers to Callias. His analogy was that if you were to buy horses would you not hire a horse trainer. Same goes for children. Would you not hire some one to teach them? This was the basis of his philosophy. He went to trial in ancient times and was seen as guilty by his peers and sentence to either exile or to death in which he choose death. With the philosophy that â€Å"an examined life is not worth living.† Not his protï ¿ ½...

The 21 Best News Roundups for Self-Publishing Authors

The 21 Best News Roundups for Self-Publishing Authors The 21 Best News Roundups for Self-Publishing Authors The sheer amount of information that comes flowing from the internet every week can be overwhelming - especially when you’re living in the ever-evolving world of self-publishing. To help streamline your learning (and cut back on hours of aimless browsing), we’ve put together a list of our favorite writing and self-publishing roundups.As we discover new roundups, we’ll be adding and subtracting entries from this list. If you know of any great publishing-related roundups, let us know in the comments below, and we might find a place for it on this page!General Publishing Roundups1.  The Book DesignerJoel Friedlander’s site has for long been a haven for book design obsessives like us. It also boasts an excellent weekly blog roundup that uncovers tips on writing, publishing, and - of course - book design.2.  The Digital ReaderLooking for a quick shot of book news at the breakfast table?   Nate Hoffelder offers an artisan blend of links in his Morning C offee round-up for readers and publishing enthusiasts who can’t wait a whole week for their fix of publishing news. Check out some of the best news roundups for #selfpub authors 3.  IndieReader We will regularly refresh this page, so if you know of a solid news roundup that shares information, tips, and advice for  self-publishing authors, let us know in the comments below!

Experiment #1 North Circumpolar Motion of Stars Lab Report

Experiment #1 North Circumpolar Motion of Stars - Lab Report Example Yes, in addition to the obvious motion that brings about change of location, they also change the orientation. The stars seem to exhibit two kinds of motions that is one from the central position and its orientation It is common knowledge that the earth moves from east, north, west and south. However, such motion is similar to the stars because they appear to move from the north toward the west, comparison of the stars location reveals that those observed in the first experiment appeared far from the west than those observed later on. Yes, stars move across the space, in fact all stars move across the space from one location to another (Craig, 1). The only difference between the motions of the stars with that of the earth is that direction depends on the individual star. As a result, there is no universal direction for the stars’ movement. Different stars move in the different direction either toward or from each other. For instance, if the stars were fixed we would expect the movement of the earth to portray the stars to simulate motion in the opposite direction. As such one would think that the stars move from the north to east and south. However given that both the earth and the stars move in the same direction, it is evident to seek stars changing position. Movement of the stars does not depend on either the seasonal motion of the earth or the daily seasons. Their motion is independent of these parameters. In fact, stars move independently in space. Motions of different stars do not take defined direction as many would expect but rather may move in any direction in the space. Craig, Brown.. The Little Dipper and the Earth’s Tilt and  Rotation, 2012. Retrieved from https://craigssenseofwonder.wordpress.com/2012/11/17/the-little-dipper-and-the-earths-tilt-and-rotation/

The 'American Splendor' Film By Pucini and Berman as Being Essay

The 'American Splendor' Film By Pucini and Berman as Being Successfully Adapted from Harvey Pekar's Comic Book - Essay Example Harvey points out for instance, relating to photography versus hand-drawn images, that the difference is fundamental between the two. The latter are manual creations, while the latter are machine creations, being photographs. Now Harvey says that in essence machines have limitations in terms of not being able to render what hands can image wise. Machines are constrained to render nature, and not the creations of hands (Harvey, 1996, p. 175). Lefevre on the other hand says the same thing, and adds that the photography in film implies movement, whereas in drawn images the default is that of static frames. This presents fundamental problems in rendering drawn images as photographed moving images (Lefevre, 2007). Hight essentially deflects those objections via a discussion on genres and treatment. classifies 'American Splendor' as a drama-documentary, and the work itself has its focus both the art of Harvey Pekar, as reflected in the comic which has an eponymous title, or has the same name as the author, as well as the comic itself. Drama-documentary implies realism and the use of the personal subjective perspective of the key character and of Pekar himself to render the comic series on film. In essence, with the use of the genre, the film is able to effectively render the static hand-drawn image unto film overcoming the objections of Lefevre and Harvey.... Drama-documentary implies realism and the use of the personal subjective perspective of the key character and of Pekar himself to render the comic series on film. In essence, with the use of the genre, the film is able to effectively render the static hand-drawn image unto film overcoming the objections of Lefevre and Harvey. The answer to the objections raised by Lefevre and Harvey, in other words, is the choice of the drama documentary and all that the genre implies in terms of filming technique and overall approach to film making, and Pekar's own vision of his art work as the rendering of images the same way that photographers take pictures realistically (Hight, 2007; Lefevre, 2007; Harvey, 1996). With regard to page layout for the comic and the image on one screen, Lefevre says that this is a problem because in comic books the reader dictates the pace and the images are at closer proximity to them. In film, the watcher has to move along in the pace dictated by the movie. The watc her is unable to leaf through pages like in comic books, linger on a page. The experience is not the same (Lefevre, 2007). Harvey says the same thing, that one page on a comic does not equate to several sequences in a film, or that there are difficulties in rendering unto the movie image, moving, a single comic page that can capture a series of movements or a meaningful snapshot of events (Harvey, 1996, p. 176). To this objection Hight basically says that the unique rendering of the film essentially means that the film is able to bridge the gap between the page layout of the film and the single image of the screen. To this he presents the case for the way the film makes use of a hybrid

Youngs Modulus of Nylon Essay Example for Free

Youngs Modulus of Nylon Essay Introduction This investigation aims to find the value of Youngs Modulus for a specific material, in this case nylon fishing line. Youngs Modulus (E) is a measure of a materials stiffness, determined by the formula: The standard unit of measure for Youngs Modulus is the pascal (Pa). 1 pascal is the same measure as 1 Nm-2 (Nm being Newton Metre). A material always retains the same Youngs Modulus value regardless of how much it is stretched or strained, and this should be revealed in this investigation by gathering a definite value of the modulus for nylon. Hypothesis Through research that I conducted before starting the investigation, I have determined that the correct Youngs Modulus value of Nylon lies in the range 1-7GPa (the large range being due to different make-ups of Nylon with it being a compound). I should therefore be looking at achieving a final result within or very close to this range. Since stress is proportionate to strain in the Youngs Modulus formula, and the modulus value remains the same, I would expect the value of stress and strain to proportionally increase with each other. Experiment Plan In order to carry out this investigation into the value of Youngs Modulus of nylon, I will conduct an experiment to gather the values of stress and strain when increasing force is added to the material, and will take readings as weight increases until the breaking point of the nylon is reached. In order to calculate stress and strain, I will need to record each of the following variables throughout the experiment: Force applied to the material [F] (Newtons/N) Area of a cross-section of the material [A] (Metres-squared/m2) Original length of the material [Lo] (Metres/m) Amount of extension when the force is applied [L] (Metres/m) These variables will then allow the values of stress and strain to be calculated using the following formulas: This leads to a final Youngs Modulus calculation formula of: The set-up I will be using to carry out this experiment consists of the nylon fishing line suspended from a stand using a clamp, and another clamp to ensure there is no movement in the stand itself. I will create a suitable loop at the bottom of the hanging material so that weights can be added but will need to ensure this loop does not weaken any area of the material and cause a drop in the breaking point value, as this would compromise the reliability of my experiment and result in premature breakage of the length of nylon. At each stage of the experiment I will take readings of length using a standard 1m ruler, and will measure the area of a cross section by gathering the diameter value using a micrometer, halving this value to gather radius and then use the formula Before any weights are added, I will need to take a control measurement of the length and area of the nylon before any stress or strain is applied. Once this is done I will proceed to apply weight in intervals of 100g (0.981 N) and record the values of each variable stated at bottom of the previous page after each 100g weight is added, with the exception of original length which is a constant value and only needs to be recorded at the beginning of the experiment. I will continue to add weights until the material reaches its elastic limit and snaps, at which point I will record the force applied to break the object. In order to achieve an adequate number of results from each experiment to make a fair analysis and conclusion to the investigation, I will need to take a minimum of eight readings (i.e the nylon should withstand at least 800g/7.849N). If this fails in the actual experiment then I will need to re-evaluate my plan and decide on a new method of conducting the experiment to me et this criteria. To increase reliability, accuracy and to eliminate possible anomalous results, I will aim to repeat the entire experiment three times to gather average readings. If all three of these experiments were to be perfect then the final Youngs Modulus value would be the same in each, so this will be a good test of how much my investigation has suffered from error when I examine the range in the three values. N.B In my actual practical experiments, I have decided to measure Engineering Stress, as opposed to True Stress. As Engineering Stress does not take into account cross-sectional area changes, this will prevent me from damaging the nylon with repeated micrometer readings, and hence my values for area will always remain the same. Technical List of Apparatus * Nylon Fishing Line * Manual Micrometer (accurate to 0.01mm with a range of 25mm) * Standard Wooden 1m Ruler (accurate to 1mm) * Clamp stand with clamp * Set of Weights with hanging hook (in 100g/0.981N intervals) * G-Clamp Variables In this investigation the variable I intend to be changed is the amount of extension of the piece of nylon, required to calculate the value for strain. Other unintentional variables will also be present in the experiment, notably the cross-sectional area of the nylon wire, which will decrease as more strain is applied and the material stretched. By calculating engineering stress, the effect of this variable can be negated. Safety Whilst the practical side of this investigation does not include any particularly dangerous apparatus or methods, there are still some safety considerations to be taken. Eye protection will have to be worn whilst the nylon has stress and strain applied to it, as the material will be taken to breaking point, which could result in the material whipping back very quickly at this point, posing an eye damage hazard. It is also worth noting that at this point a substantial amount of weight will be dropping so arms and feet should be kept back from below the experiment and all persons in the vicinity should be on their feet to allow them to move back quickly if required. Error Reduction The practical side of this investigation is prone to errors through a number of factors. In order to attempt to reduce the number of errors that will affect the results of the investigation during the implementation of the practical, the following steps will be taken, in addition to the experiment being repeated three times as already mentioned above: * Micrometer should be checked before each use to make sure it lies on the zero value when fully closed. * Double-check all readings to be taken from the micrometer and ruler, and double-check the calculations for area on calculator. * Nylon should not be interfered with once set-up on the clamp, in order to reduce added stress or weakening through factors not related to the intentional weights being added.

Technology Used on the Military Battlefield Essay examples -- Computer

Technology Used on the Military Battlefield In today’s busy world of technology, where it seems like we can hardly keep up with the daily advances being made, the United States Military is posed on the cutting edge. The military spends billions of dollars each year on electronic technology research with private firms such as International Telegraph and Telephone Aerospace/Communications Division (ITT A/CD). There is a wide range of uses for computers on today’s battlefield. Two of the major areas include communications, and battlefield management systems. All of these systems are just parts of the military’s tactical internet. The Key factor on the battlefield is communications. Excellent communication is necessary to keep all units working in unison, both on the front lines and in tactical command and control centers in the rear element. The United States Military and ITT A/CD developed the Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) family. In 1988 the first SINCGAR was released for testing. At this point the SINCGAR was a basic voice only communicati...

Mc Donald Case Analysis Essay

McDonaldis one of the leading fast food chain operating in more than 120 countries (Exhibit – 4) with more than 30000 restaurants. McDonald opened its first restaurant in 1955 in Illinois and started to grow rapidly serving around 47 million customers daily with more than 1. 5 million employees. As far as Indian markets is concerned it was a distant dream for any western fast food chains to enter India and serve Indian customers, the reason being distinct dietary habits and food preferences of Indian consumers. After 1990 when government of India came up with economic reforms that liberalized policies of foreign investments, established western fast food chains like KFC and PIZZA HUT rushed to the Indian market but McDonald spent about six years analysing the market before entering India. During the analysis phase McDonald first categorized its various Opportunities, threats, strengths & weaknesses in Indian market. The analysis came up with the results like: increase in the purchasing power of individuals, their dietary habits like opposition to pork and beef and more inclination towards vegetarian foods, increase in urbanization and socio cultural habits. Depending on the results from the analysis McDonald came up with effective market mix (4Ps) that helped them to utilise the opportunities and thus eliminating the threats. The major highlight of the strategies adopted by McDonald was: Indianizing the menu and thus eliminating beef and pork completely, wide variety of products with different prices, confining itself to urban cities and building strong brand equity through various CSR events. This case analysis basically gives the overview of different strategies adopted by McDonald to establish themselves in Indian market. STRUCTURE OF THE CASE ANALYSIS (1) Market Analysis External Environmental Internal Environmental Analysis Analysis (Strengths & weaknesses) Micro Analysis Macro Analysis (Opportunities and Threats(PESTLE Analysis) for a new entrant in Indian Political food industry ) Economical Socio-cultural (2) Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (3) Market Strategies (4P’s) (4) Outcomes MARKET ANALYSIS Market analysis done by McDonald’s during 1990’s included various aspects of Indian market and consumer. Looking at the data we can classify the analysis into external analysis and internal analysis. (1) EXTERNAL ANALYSIS Further divided into macro analysis and micro analysis. (a) MACRO ANALYSIS: Macro analysis takes Political, Economical, Socio-cultural, Technical, Legal and Environmental issues in consideration, but as per given case study, we are taking only 3 issues Political, Economical and Socio-cultural. Political: Liberalisation of policies: Liberalisation of policies paved path for MNC’s to India. Change in polices regarding in-flow of foreign capital and technology; government fixed exchange-rate eased up the process for MNC’s. Economical: Growth in GDP: The GDP growth until 1990’s was around 3% but after liberalisation the growth rate was around 6 to 7%, which shows increase in purchasing power of the individual. Socio-cultural: Acceptance of western culture: There was a significant change in the thinking of people towards western companies and western culture . The increase in use of internet is an example of this. Eat-out tradition began to grow very fast with increase in working parent families. McDonald’s internal analysis can be braked-down into strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. (b) MICRO ANALYSIS: Opportunities: Increase in urban population from 21. 3% to 28. 1% (exhibit – 2) because of employment, education. Increase in eat-out culture and purchasing power of individual. 53% (Exhibit – 7) of a house hold income is spent on food and beverages. Threats: India has been a country of different cultures (5000 ethnic groups) each with its own food habits and cuisine. Even though the food preferences of Indians show that 80% are non-vegetarians only 17% of them were pork and beef eaters (Exhibit – 11). McDonald has a image of pork and beef serving restaurant which is a threat for it in India. (2) INTERNAL ANALYSIS (ANALYSIS OF THE COMPANY) Strength: One of the strengths of McDonald’s is its vast knowledge and expertise in various countries which helped it gain expertise in making a strong and efficient supply chain. This will once again help it in building a efficient supply chain in India. It also has established and good brand equity around the world. Weakness: Opposition in people for MNC’s was decreasing but yet prevailing. There was a need for McDonald’s to rebrand itself in Indian consumers. In order to develop an effective marketing strategy it was very important for McDonald to understand its target customers. It was necessary for them to first understand Indian market and its consumers to communicate itself to consumer market. Basically McDonalds segmented their product and services according to base of Demographic, Psychographic and Behavioural attributes. McDonald did the thorough research for six years and was able to do well because of keen understanding of the Indian economy. MARKET SEGMENTATION & TARGETING Market segmentation is dividing of single market into smaller segments. Segmentation makes it simpler to address the needs of smaller groups of consumer. Three different bases of segmentation done by McDonald in India: 1. Demographic Segmentation: McDonalds uses demographic segmentation strategy with age as the parameter. The main target segments are children, youth and the young urban family. It offers different products like happy meal which includes a free toy for kids. For families it has made different outlets and meals which are suitable for takeaways and drive-thru. It has also created a suitable environment for youngster to hang out with their friends and get their lunch. 2. Psychographic Segmentation: McDonald’s adopted themselves to the lifestyle of the Indian consumers. India has huge vegetarian population so McDonalds came up with an entirely different product for Indian customers like Mc Veggie burger and McAalootikki burger. As it is not considered religiously incorrect to eat beef in India, the menu has no beef dishes. They also made McDonald a fun place where young urban families can spend some quality time, while their children can enjoy every moment of McDonalds. 3. Behavioral Segmentation: McDonald targeted mostly occasions like Birthdays and started attracted many families to celebrate their kids birthday. They made many advertisement effort aimed directly at kids and younger generation to promote birthday parties at McDonald. As most young people in the cities like Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore live in small overcrowded flats McDonalds has become a convenient place for birthday celebration. POSITIONING Positioning is an effort to influence consumer perception of a brand or product relative to the perception of competing brands or products. Its objective is to occupy a clear, unique, and advantageous position in the consumer’s mind. In India positioning of McDonalds has been directed as a Family restaurant. Then they started positioning according to the kids as well by introducing new advertising of toys with their products such as â€Å"Happy Meal†. Now youngster and adults havebecome so use to fast foods that McDonalds has also started to target them and try to position itself as a place for all. This may be also due to the fact that India has second largest population in the world and they adopted this approach and tried to position themselves according to this approach to increase sales and revenue. McDonalds therefore wanted to position itself as ‘Indian’ and a promoter of ‘family values and culture’, as well as being ‘comfortable and easy’. Simultaneously, the brand wanted to communicate that it was committed to maintaining a quality service, cleanliness and offering value for money. MARKETING MIX (4P’s) Market Strategies Opted By Mc Donald in India Coming on to Strategies, McDonald strictly followed the concept of 4Ps for extending their share in Indian fast food market. Looking upon all the aspects of 4Ps in details, following was the approach made by them to enter the market and successfully lead it since then. Product: Taking the food habits of Indians into consideration, Mc Donald Indianised 70% of their menu, which really helped them to successfully grab Indian population. Also keeping in mind the un-acceptance of beef and pork in India , they replaced it with mutton-based Maharaja Mac. The French fries served in India also did not contain beef tallow covering. They excluded egg from ice-creams and mayonnaise served and also introduced Indian flavoured ice-creams. Pricing: Mc Donald came up with wide range of products in terms of pricing for serving both the lower-middle and high socio-class of society. (Products ranging from Rs. 7 to Rs. 128) They charged Rs. 74 less than what they charged in US in almost every product. Their menu was 80% visual and 20% descriptive. They used to attract customer initially by low prices, then increased their prices by simply giving another name to the product, for example- McAlootikki changed to Veg. Surprise. Place: Mc Donald opened its first outlet in two of the most western culture exposed cities i. e. Delhi and Mumbai, then they targeted the national highways connecting these cities by collaborating with Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. As a part of Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) business, McDonalds opened its outlets only within 500-Km radius of its main distribution centres. After that, they tapped into business of shopping mall, multiplexes, railways and bus stations. Promotion: They promoted their restaurant as â€Å"Third place† between work and home. They also introduced â€Å"Music Meal† in association with Coca-Cola India and Universal Music India. They celebrated Children’s Day week, organised Pulse Polio and camps. Fun zones and Lego toys for children Looking upon the belief of Indians in Karma Mc Donald introduced â€Å"Itch Karo Rich Bano†, where the consumers were given lucky coupons complementary with their meal which they scratched to get gifts. This was a part of their promotional strategy which really worked well in India. Outcome It is reasonable to say that MCDonald’s has achieved a decent success in India. McDonald’s with its strategies was able to increase its sales volume, which in turn got down the break even to five to seven years which is much favourable when compared with 12-13 years that it takes in foreign countries. It is also stated that McDonald’s achieved a decent success as it showed a 50% annual revenue growth since 1997. A survey by Synovate showed that 20% of young Indians between ages of 8 to 24 reported their preference for McDonald’s products, followed by Pizza Hut (11%) and then KFC(2%). Even after all these achievements it cannot be concluded that McDonald’s succeeded in India. McDonald’s growth in India remains uncertain.

Domestic violence against women Essay

Among the different causes of injury to women, domestic violence tops the list, ahead of other causes such as rapes, mugging or even car accidents. According to recent reports by the CDC, there is an abuse of about 15 million children and women annually. Domestic violence lowers human dignity, and therefore, the whole world should come out and condemn it in the strongest terms possible. Many people argue that the women, who are mostly the victims of domestic violence, should also not keep silent about it to protect their spouses, but rather report them to the relevant authorities for the appropriate actions to be taken against the perpetrators. However, that would not be a complete solution to the problem. As a matter of fact, it puts the woman in more danger of a violent attack or even murder, should the man get freed, because they are likely to revenge the actions of the woman through violence. To solve the problem of domestic violence, the procedure has to begin from childhood. The children should be taught how to relate to others in a relationship from a young age at home. But the problem is that domestic violence begins at home, and the children who grow in families with regular violence, are likely to behave the same way in future, to their own families. Therefore, these lessons should be taught at school. Besides teaching our kids about science, mathematics, languages, and technology alone, they should also be taught about relationship skills. This helps them to understand the importance of love and the dignity of humans, deterring them from getting involved in domestic violence in the future. This can be a very effective way of dealing with domestic violence. Let us face it, is almost impossible to rehabilitate domestic violence offenders so that they can live peacefully with their families. Statistics indicate that perpetrators of domestic savagery have repeated the act more than once, and continue to threaten the victim of assault, should they dare counteract. Therefore, teaching a child early enough about relationship skills can be very beneficial to them in future, as they will have the knowledge to understand conflicting situations; making the right decisions and taking the right actions concerning them. The children should also not be exposed to a situation of domestic violence, and those in families with such problems should better be raised away from such an environment. We all have the power and ability to influence a stop to domestic violence. We need to speak about it openly, rather than hiding it. Many people suffer every day from domestic violence, but they are afraid to let it known to people because they fear revenge from the offenders. They are also made to feel that they are at fault for their suffrage. And people will always ask why they do not just walk out of the relationship, without considering the possible consequences they might suffer. Many victims who have broken their relationships because of domestic violence have ended up getting killed by their ex-boyfriends or husbands. There is also stalking of the victims, after they move on, or get married by other people. Therefore, we just ought to make a change, starting with ourselves, in respecting our relationships and our partners. Teaching our children early about relationship skills and raising them in a violence-free environment will in future give rise to a new generation of nonviolent husbands and wives. This is possible if we commit ourselves to making it happen. According to recent researches, children raised in families with domestic violence are more likely to be violent in future to their partners, than the children raised in nonviolent families. This implies that when the children grow up, they develop the characters that they were exposed to. Domestic violence can only thrive when we are silent about it, but when we all team up together to eliminate it, it can no longer be a subject of discussion. It is never late to act against a problem, and similarly, there is much that we can do right now and long into the future, concerning domestic violence. We can start by raising awareness about the issue and letting our family and friends know that we never will tolerate domestic violence and that they should stand together with us in its fight. There also are programs that have been formed to combat domestic violence, which we can support, in order to continue with the efforts of ending the matter in the long run. A difference can only be made when we stand together.

Free Essays on Acid Rain

One of the main causes of acid rain is sulfur dioxide. Natural sources, which emit this gas, are Volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as Coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for approximately half of the emissions of this gas in the world. When sulfur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulfate ion. It then becomes sulfuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth. Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and the ozone help to catalyze the reaction, changing more sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. The following pages will show the effects of acid rain on: Trees and Soils, Lakes and Aquatic Systems, Materials, Atmosphere, Architecture and Humans. One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulfuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminum also present in the soil is freed and the roots of trees absorb this toxic element. Thus, the trees are starved to death as they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Not the entire sulphur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to the soils unconverted. As this gas returns to earth, it clogs up the stomata in the leaves, thus hindering photosynthesis. Research has been made where red spruce seedlings were sprayed with different combinations of sulfuric and nitric acid of pH ranging from 2.5 to 4.5. The needles of these seedlings were observed to develop brown lesions. Eventually, the needles fall off. It was also found that new needles grew more slowly at higher concentrations of acid used. Because the rate at which the needles were falling was greater than the rate at whic... Free Essays on Acid Rain Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain Imagine that you are dying, simply because you ate a fish. This death is a result of acid rain. Acid rain is a silent murder in today’s ecosystems. The effects of acid rain on the ecosystem can be deadly. Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural low pH level. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. This acid rain is a product of today’s industry. When products are manufactured, many chemicals are used to create it. However, because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing these products, they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about twenty years ago when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acid rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. By the time the scientist found the problem, it was already very large. Detecting an acidic lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acidic over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times even decades. The changes are usually too gradual to be noticed early on. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers and lakes, like the river Tovdal in Norway, had not yet begun to die. By 1926, local inspectors began to notice that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of serious problems. Fish were found dead along many river banks. As winter’s ice began to melt, hundreds upon hundreds of dead fish (trout in particular) were found. It was at this time that scientist, began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work, they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5,000 in one pile. Divers were sent in to examine the bottom of the rivers. They found many more dead fish. Many live and dead specimens were taken back to numerous labs across Norway. When the live specimens were examined they were found t... Free Essays on Acid Rain One of the main causes of acid rain is sulfur dioxide. Natural sources, which emit this gas, are Volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as Coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for approximately half of the emissions of this gas in the world. When sulfur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulfate ion. It then becomes sulfuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth. Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and the ozone help to catalyze the reaction, changing more sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. The following pages will show the effects of acid rain on: Trees and Soils, Lakes and Aquatic Systems, Materials, Atmosphere, Architecture and Humans. One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulfuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminum also present in the soil is freed and the roots of trees absorb this toxic element. Thus, the trees are starved to death as they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Not the entire sulphur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to the soils unconverted. As this gas returns to earth, it clogs up the stomata in the leaves, thus hindering photosynthesis. Research has been made where red spruce seedlings were sprayed with different combinations of sulfuric and nitric acid of pH ranging from 2.5 to 4.5. The needles of these seedlings were observed to develop brown lesions. Eventually, the needles fall off. It was also found that new needles grew more slowly at higher concentrations of acid used. Because the rate at which the needles were falling was greater than the rate at whic... Free Essays on Acid Rain What is acid rain? Acid rain is the term for pollution caused when sulfur and nitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture. The term 'acid rain' is slightly misleading, and would be more accurate if deemed 'enhanced acid rain', as rain occurs acidic naturally. Acidity is measured on what is know as the pH scale. Fourteen is the most basic, seven is the most neutral, and zero is the most acidic. Pure rain has a pH level of 7, which is exactly neutral. The acidity of rain is determined by the pH of pure water in reaction with atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, resulting in carbonic acid. These particles partly dissociate to produce hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. A bicarbonate atom is an ion formed by one hydrogen atom, one carbon at atom, and three oxygen atoms, and is very effective in natural waters at neutralizing hydrogen ions and reducing acidity. The dissociation results in the natural acidity of pure rain, which is moderately acidic at a pH of 5.7. Rain le ss than 5.7 is considered 'acid rain', meaning it has reacted with acidic atmospheric gases other than carbon dioxide, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is produced by electric utilities, industrial, commercial and residential heating, smelters, diesel engines and marine and rail transport, which creates sulfuric acid in rain. Nitrogen dioxide will also react with the rain, caused largely by transportation (cars, trucks, planes, etc.) and electric utilities, producing nitric acid. There is a certain degree of naturally occurring acidity in rain water. This acid is from reaction with alkaline chemicals, found in soils, lakes and stream, and can occasionally occur when a volcano erupts as well. Bacterial action in soils and degasing from oceanic plankton also contribute to the acidity found in rain. More than 90% of the sulfur and 95% of the nitrogen emissions which occur in North America are due to the pollution created by humans.1 H... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It cause many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by today's industry. When products are manufactured many chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about 20 years ago when scientists in Swe den and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5000 in one... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain. Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid sources are non-ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from the source .When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre-Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced substantially. The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka-Haliburton lake country ranges between 3.95 an... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain INTRODUCTION: Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It cause many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by today's industry. When products are manufactured many chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about 20 years ago when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid rain is one of the most dangerous and widespread forms of pollution. Sometimes called "the unseen plague," acid rain can go undetected in an area for years. Technically, acid rain is rain that has a larger amount of acid in it than what is normal. The acidity of rain in parts of Europe and North America has dramatically increased over the past few decades. It is now common in many places for rain to be ten to seventy times more acidic than unpolluted rain. Many living and non-living systems become harmed and damaged, because of acid rain. This article gives an informational, in-depth look at acid rainits causes and effects; and solutions to the acid rain problem. Smoke and gases, given off by factories, cars, and other polluters that run on fossil fuels, cause acid rain. When these fuels are burned to produce energy, the sulfur that is present in the fuel combines with oxygen and becomes sulfur dioxide; some of the nitrogen in the air becomes nitrogen oxide. These pollutants go into the atmosphere, and become acid. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are produced especially when coal is burnt for fuel. Burning coal produces electricity, the more electricity people use, and the more coal is burnt. Of course, nowadays people probably could not live without electricity, so coal will continue to be burnt; but electricity and energy are constantly being overused. Think of it this way: every time we turn on a light switch or the television set without really needing to, we are indirectly contributing to the acid rain problem. Automobiles produce nitrogen oxides (which cause acid rain), so every time we do not carpool when we can, we are helpi ng to cause acid rain. Therefore, now that we know what causes acid rain, here a look at how acid rain can hurt you and the world around you? Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of pollution, and the environment suffers from its effects. Forests, lakes, animals, and plant... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain First of all I’d like to start off with some thoughts on acid rain. Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now but I believe this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact that acid rain has on the wildlife and how it is destroying the atmosphere. Now I will explain the causes of acid rain. Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of eastern Canada and North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulfuric acid sources are non-ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are in the main sources for nitric acid (about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometers from the source. When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have a large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. There are many areas that just don’t have any defense against acid rain. In areas like Ontario or mainly the southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, contain substances like limestone or other known antacids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Precambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore overtime, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to an acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, parry sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if Sul...