Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture

Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture by Bernard M. Bass , Bruce J. Avolio The organization's culture develops in large part from its leadership while the culture of an organization can also affect the development of its leadership. For example, transactional leaders work within their organizational cultures following existing rules, procedures, and norms; transformational leaders change their culture by first understanding it and then realigning the organization's culture with a new vision and a revision of its shared assumptions, values, and norms (Bass, 1985). Effective organizations require both tactical and strategic thinking as well as culture building by its leaders. Strategic thinking helps to create and build the vision of an agency's future. The vision can emerge and move forward as the leader constructs a culture that is dedicated to supporting that vision. The culture is the setting within which the vision takes hold. In turn, the vision may also determine the characteristics of the organization's culture. Transformational leaders have been characterized by four separate components or characteristics denoted as the 4 Is of transformational leadership (Avolio, Waldman, and Yammarino (1991). These four factors include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Transformational leaders integrate creative insight, persistence and energy, intuition and sensitivity to the needs of others to â€Å"forge the strategy-culture alloy† for their organizations. In contrast, transactional leaders are characterized by contingent reward and management-by-exception styles of leadership. Essentially, transactional leaders develop exchanges or agreements with their followers, pointing out what the followers will receive if they do something right as well as wrong. They work within the existing culture, framing their decisions and action based on the operative norms and procedures characterizing their respective organizations. In a highly innovative and satisfying organizational culture we are likely to see transformational leaders who build on assumptions such as: people are trustworthy and purposeful; everyone has a unique contribution to make; and complex problems are handled at the lowest level possible. Leaders who build such cultures and articulate them to followers typically exhibit a sense of vision and purpose. They align others around the vision and empower others to take greater responsibility for achieving the vision. Such leaders facilitate and teach followers. They foster a culture of creative change and growth rather than one which maintains the status quo. They take personal responsibility for the development of their followers. Their followers operate under the assumption that all organizational members should be developed to their full potential.

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay

Develop or select the instruments your team will use to collect data. Describe how you will sample the population:  · What is the appropriate sampling method?  · What sampling frame will be used?  · What is the appropriate sampling size?  · How will the sample size be determined? Discuss the overall data analysis approach and result reporting:  · Which statistical test will be used and why?  · How will the results be displayed? Combine the three parts of the Preparing to Conduct Business Research assignment to develop a cohesive research proposal of no more than 2,450 words.   Include the following elements:  · Research problem and purpose  · Significance, scope, magnitude, and feasibility of finding a solution to the issue, opportunity, or problem  · Research question, hypothesis, and variables  · Research design  · Instrument you developed or selected  · Sampling method  · Overall data analysis approach  · Result reporting  · Ethical considerations

Analysis of The Telegram a short story by writer Iain Crichton Smith Essay

‘The Telegram’ is a short story by writer Iain Crichton Smith. The story follows two women’s experiences as the fate of their sons. The writer uses character and setting to increase the reader’s enjoyment of the story. Through the use of setting in terms of time and place the writer increases the reader’s enjoyment of the story. The story is set in a Scottish costal island during the Second World War. The two women live in a one road village and war is alien to them. Not just the women but the whole village does not understand the purpose of the war: â€Å"It came as a strange plague.† The village of the women was a very close knit community and this meant that everybody knew everybody else. To the village people the war was an attack on them rather than the country because the war was killing their young men and they felt that it was not their war to be part of. The Telegram itself had an impact on the village as it felt like ‘a strange missile’ because it would only cause havoc and destruction amongst the village people and most importantly ruin their lives. The setting of the story is effectively used by the writer to influence or have an impact on the characters, this use of setting increases the reader’s enjoyment of the story. Crichton Smith description is mainly focused on the thin women, the writer uses the imagery of a bird: â€Å" The other more aquiline, more gaunt, or to be more precise, more like a buzzard.† The thin women is perceived to be a person who is not very pleasant. The thin women has had a very hard life to cope with and because of this she is very independent. Through the imagery of a buzzard, a bird of prey, the thin women gives the impression that she is better than everybody else and like a buzzard she is stronger too. The use of the buzzard is also significant because the story is set in Scotland and the buzzard is Scotland’s most common bird of prey. However, even though the thin women is portrayed in a bad way, the thin women has been forced to make a lot of sacrifices. The thin women only received ten shillings in pension was forced into not buying new clothes. The realisation of the harsh circumstances that the thin women has faced make the reader enjoy the story more because the reader has sympathy for the thin women and knowing that her son is not dead gives the thin women hope. Despite all the sacrifices , the thin women saved and saved until she could send her son to university. This is a reason why the thin women thought she was better than everybody because others could afford to send their children to university but chose not because they thought of it as snobbish . The fact that the villagers thought education is snobby gives the reader insight into society the women lived in, the society that would not send their children to university in case that someone spoke ill of them. To deal with the hardships, the thin women has had to develop a lot of discipline and self-control to survive. The hardships the women has faced have left her to show no emotions and sympathy towards anybody but herself. However, for a moment the thin women tries to comfort the fat women in her time of need, this change in character is unusual because the thin women does not expect sympathy from others but now she is sympathetic towards someone else. Iain Crichton Smith uses the setting to show how it influences or has an impact on the characters, this use of setting increases the reader’s enjoyment of the story. Like the thin women, the author uses the imagery of a bird to describe the women: â€Å"†¦a fat domestic bird†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The fat women is described like ‘a fat domestic’ this suggests that the fat women is very dependant on others unlike the thin women. The word fat’ gives the reader the idea that the fat women has had it all in her life. Through the writers use of domestic bird’ it is suggested that the fat women. Due to the different lives both women lived they have differing views on things, this causes arguments between them: â€Å" Well, I just thought they’re better off.’ said the fat women in a confused tone, ‘ they get better food and they get better conditions.’ â€Å" The fat women is jealous how the thin women’s son is better off than her son even though the thin women is poorer e.g. the thin women’s son is of higher rank and gets better pay than the fat women’s son. The writer gives insight into the fat women when she explains why she did not risk sending her son to university in case others thought she was snobbish. Despite not sending her son to university it is evident that the fat women loves her son unconditionally, unlike the thin women, the fat women does not expect compensation from her son for bringing him up, this make the fat women a likeable character thus increasing the reader’s enjoyment of the story. When the fat women knows that the elder is not coming to her house she is all excited but then she realizes that it could be the thin women’s son who has died and only then does the fat women realise what the thin has gone through and tries to sympathy but she cannot. The reasons for the fat women showing no sympathy are that firstly, she does not like the thin women and because the thought of losing her own son has emotionally drained the thin women. The setting adds to suspense and tension throughout the story and especially the climax. From the thin women’s window they can see the entire village: â€Å" As the watched they could see at the far end of the street the tall man in black clothes carrying in his hand a piece of yellow paper. This was a bare village with little colour therefore the yellow was both strange and unnatural.† The fact that the women could see the man at the end of the village from the thin women’s window emphasise to the reader how small the village is, the village being small suggests that it is a very close knit community. The village consists of one road and as the elder walks along the road the suspense and tension builds and the reader expects the elder to visit the homes of the women however this does not happen. In the end the reader is shocked how it is actually the elder’s son who has died and the suspense and tension that leads to this increases the impact. In conclusion, Iain Crichton Smith successfully uses setting, character, imagery as well suspense and tension to increase the readers enjoyment of the story.

ACME Tea Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

ACME Tea - Assignment Example However, ACME is not a global brand and has presence only in Muscat. Moreover, the company lacks marketing experience, and hence this report suggests a marketing plan based on the situation and industry analysis. The retail sales value of tea in the UK jumped 22% between 2006 and 2011 and was valued at  £655 million in 2011. Almost 87% of the Brits are tea consumers. Sale of loose tea has dropped between 2009 and 2011. Consumers are particularly cutting back on the use of higher price loose tea. However, tea being a staple item for every household, economic downturn is unlikely to have any significant impact on the consumption of tea. The overall tea market is expected to grow by 8% between 2011 and 2016 and reach  £708 million (Mintel, 2012). Sales of ordinary tea bags have been declining steadily over the past few years (73% in 2009 to 70% in 2011) (Mintel, 2012). More exotic varieties such as Green Bags, Fruit and Herbal Bags, Speciality Bags and Decaffeinated Bags, are now preferred by the Brits. Sale of green bags has grown a sensational 83% between 2009 and 2011. As many as 12% of the Brits, drink green tea on a weekly basis. A SWOT analysis has been conducted (Appendix A). The tea industry is experiencing growth as consumers seek health drinks and consider tea to be a health drink. Competition with other beverages and drinks are prevalent but tea is being promoted as a health drink. Green tea and new herbal infusions have been gaining popularity among health-conscious consumers even at the expense of other hot drinks (Groosman, 2011). Suki Tea is a strong contender in the UK tea market as it provides finest loose tea, herbal infusions, and fruit blends from around the world. They focus on ethical sourcing and their teas have Fairtrade, Organic, and Rainforest Alliance accreditation, which have served to enhance their market position (Suki Tea, n.d.). In the UK four companies dominate

German and Arabian Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

German and Arabian Stereotypes - Essay Example Nazi Germany has a stigma that has cursed the country for six long decades. In relation, many foreigners believe Arabs to be terrorists because of what the extremists in the Middle East do and the amplifications of foreign media. The truth is Arabs are warm and well-cultured people. Both countries must deal with the ignorance of others and they need to work on erasing the stigma. A stereotype of Germany that opposes one of our stereotypes is that Germans are seen as being structured, cold, and serious while we are seen as dirty, narrow-minded, and angry. Though it is true that Saudi has people living without advanced technology, it does not make them less than anybody else. Arabs just have a lifestyle that is not popular amongst most modern civilizations. As for Germans, they are seen in high regard. They show up to appointments on-time, something that we do not do so much, and they are seen as very straightforward when on the job. Saudi Arabians are homely people and we like to inte ract with one another. We take our family life very seriously, unlike most western civilizations. We put our families in front of everything. Another stereotype is physical features. Many people believe that Germans are all blue-eyed and blonde, and at the same time, they see Arabian men with long, uncombed beards and women with a cloth covering their faces.

Having our say and black men and public space (education) Essay

Having our say and black men and public space (education) - Essay Example The African American life is detailed in these stories. The stories have a purpose of promoting the value of education and knowledge in life. Getting less chance to acquire education in childhood the two sisters were motivated to get highly educated in future In the story, the sisters were having hindrance in getting education because of their black race, They had to face discrimination from white people however they stood through all bad experience and went on to get highly educated and created a niche for themselves in the society . In same way, Staple is also educated and understands that he is mistaken for a criminal because white has a misconception of Africans that they are of dubious or immoral nature. Both the story tells that education change the way we contemplate issue. The authors being educated became strong about their identity and personality and were proud of their race. Staple being an educated person always remained calm and relaxed to all negative reaction from white people. Staple chose to perhaps unconsciously, to remain a shadow-timid, but a survivor ( Staple). Both the sisters and Staple think that education can be a weapon with which we can shield any attacks from discriminative people. They show us that education and hard work can overcome poverty . The education has changed the attitude of all the characters in the stories. The sisters acquired high education and they get good profession too. It was courageous during that time in history for women to be educated when there was no reason for blacks to be educated ( Delany 5) . They give a message that people need to get educate and fight for their rights. The negative remarks from people should not stop us from achieving our goals. Life is supposed to be something which needs to be constructed with education and hard work. The sisters are a role model to all young black people who face discrimination at educational institution. The sisters Bessie and Sadie think that

Portrait of a Family Member Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portrait of a Family Member - Personal Statement Example Though the initial shock and grief we (the rest of the family) felt was tremendous but we thought that being a kid he just got misled and smoked out of peer pressure or just simple curiosity. Simple guidance persuasion was what was requires or so we thought. This was not to be so. This initial attraction towards cigarettes slowly turned into infatuation and finally became an addiction. One day when I was preparing to go out to a party at a friend's place, I found out that my necklace was missing. This necklace was given to me as a birthday gift from one of my friends and so it was obviously quite precious to me. I nearly 'ransacked' the whole house but could not find it. Just recently John had started going out with a new girl. Our parents were off to an official dinner of dad's. John had invited (in fact brought) his girlfriend over to our place. I just happened to linger downstairs during my search for the lost necklace it was then that I incidentally glimpsed at the couple sitting near the television. It was then that it struck me; there it was right in front of my very eyes the necklace that I was searching for was around John's girlfriends. There was no mistaking it, and just to make sure I went around and started small talk with the girl. My eyes were on the necklace during the whole time and I was ready to bet it was my necklace. So the necklace had never b een in the home in the first place. As it had turned out my birthday present was now a partnership gift of my brother's girlfriend. With the passage of time and as John grew older (I guess he had reached tenth grade by then) John was progressing into a spoilt brat. Sleeping by daytime, skipping/bunking school, and partying all night. As the only possible evident solution available to my parents they stopped giving John his fixed monthly pocket money. This ought to have stopped or at least reduced his frequency of partying out but to our surprise that did not happen in fact it seemed that this shortage of cash didn't even bother him in the least. It was on excursions to the local market (which my mother frequents often by the way) that it came to her notice she was coming across a lot of similar artifacts/jewelry in the nearby shops lately. It took only a few days for her to realize that many of her precious items such as wedding gifts and even some jewelry were no where to be found on closer inspection it dawned upon my mother that those items that we saw in the local market were none other then mother's. The sec ret source of John's relative freedom from shortage of cash all came into perspective as well. Apart from the mental and psychological shock this event caused to our family it also proved to be a financial shock as my mother had to buy all the back from the market. Things took a turn for the worse when John entered into high school. Instead of growing mature with the passage of time John was going from bad to worse. Somehow he ended up in a group of guys (whom he rather preferred to call friends) who were a small time gang. Yes! John had turned into a small time gangster. I still don't believe myself as I write these lines that a cute lovely little

Attention Deficit Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Attention Deficit Disorder - Essay Example The first step that most patients take that you may want to consider is that of pharmacological medication. By choosing this option you will be using a cost effective way of managing the disorder because this treatment has been proven to be the most successful. Your doctor my prescribe Ritalin, Adderall, Cylert with Ritalin being the most popular. Ritalin contains methylphenidate which is "Currently the focus of widespread and intensive study and is broadly considered by experts in the treatment of ADD to be the single most effective intervention for inattention and impulsivity" (Noral). Methylphenidate has demonstrated effectiveness in controlling undesirable symptoms such as "Inattentiveness and impulsivity for approximately seventy percent of the diagnosed with ADD for whom it was prescribed (Noral). While methylphenidate is the most effective in most patients, your doctor may go through the process of elimination and have you try several different drugs in order to find the one t hat works best for you. Typically you will be prescribed a once daily dose of this medication and the "Effects of this dose on predetermined behavioral and educational objectives such as focus, time on task, and impulse control are carefully monitored" (Noral). When you take these medications they will raise the level of your neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine which are all chemicals in your brain that control your motivation, concentration and alertness. In the beginning of your treatment you may suffer several side effects depending on the medication you are taking. This is why it may take some time and patience before you and your doctor find the medication and dosage that is best suited for you. "Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions to methylphenidate and other medication side effects can include "Upset stomach, decreased appetite, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, allergic reactions, increased blood pressure and psychosis" (ADHDNews.com). Whil e you will find this pharmacological treatment to be the most effective it is also the most controversial due to the undesirable side affects that have been seen in certain patients. If these side effects are too detrimental you may want to then take a step back and explore other treatment options. Often behavior therapy and interventions are the second step patients take when they are not getting results from their medication or the side effects are too overwhelming. You may want to consider this second step in treating your ADD if you have exhausted all possible pharmacological medications. One type of behavioral therapy you may want to consider is psychoeducational input. "Psychoeducational input is a form of therapy in which patients and their relatives should be empowered to understand and accept the illness and cope with it in a successful manner" (Sherman). This method can often mean many sacrifices for yourself and your family, because you will need to make changes in your routine and daily life in order to work around your ADD. Another method you may consider is Interpersonal Psychotherapy. If you choose to pursue this method your therapist will work with you and help diagnosis the direct instances when your ADD symptoms appear and identify your problem areas. Once the se have been

The Meaning Of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Meaning Of Art - Essay Example The work of art is geared towards filling a gap in the market. For example, those that are unable to afford the expensive diamond can opt to have plastic artistic works. The aesthetic is also very important in motivating an artist; Mary Heilmann, points out to color and aesthetics as the major inspirations to her work. Artists also find it appropriate and derive a lot of inspiration from doing their work in a different way; this is according to Heilmann2. The importance of art was another aspect addressed in the readings. In the reading, why is art important? Both the video as well as the drawing provided much insight on the essence of developing an artistic work. According to Doris Salcedo, art brings history alive and makes generations to have a connection. He described his work of art as a connection between people of different ages since such could easily be forgotten. Art does not only provide the remembrance of the artist but also the events or situations depicted in the artist ic work. In addition, it is apparent from Salcedo that art brings forth aspect that provides a common platform to the society. It is also clear that art plays a role in attempting to address experiences of people3. According to the â€Å"Fantasy† by Jeff Koons, art presents some power that is accompanied some form of moral authority. Some of the moral aspects of artwork include good ethics and encouraging spirituality4. In this regard, art work plays a role of informing the public on best practices and morality. Another Art21 reading under focus is, What makes something a work of art? Over time creativity has created a diversification in the work of art, in the modern context the work of art takes a broad perspective. Some artistic work is supposed to be a creative component that should not always be predictable by the people that view it.

The Concept of e-Healthcare Information Security and Issues in Essay

The Concept of e-Healthcare Information Security and Issues in e-Healthcare Information Security - Essay Example The problem with electronic based healthcare information is that efforts need to be made to stop people who are not authorized to access the information from accessing it. It is essential to ensure that people are not only physically, but even virtually stopped from accessing this information if that are not authorized to do so. There are several issues linked with the security of electronic healthcare information such as the inconsistency between the laws that govern healthcare and the policies of different healthcare institutes (Shoniregun 23). Another issue is that just because of politics and lack of proper culture different healthcare systems such as the e-healthcare information systems and the physical employees are obstructed from successful implementation of the system. Same issue is experienced when the healthcare system tried to integrate different electronic healthcare systems such as guidelines for practicing as a clinical and the decision support system (Shoniregun 24). The information of electronic healthcare is derived from a diverse range of sources which makes the information monitoring analysis and security quite difficult. Other than that the internet and other technologies have further added to the challenges of securing and managing healthcare information that is electronic in

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Case Study - Essay Example The function of in-house system developers as mediators of organizational change is emphasized, with focus on their political and management techniques in implementing change. Conventional human-computer interaction (HCI) has focused on looking for means in which to devise a more functional and serviceable interfaces. This pursuit has been inclined to concentrate on the advancement of cognitive models of end user conduct in interaction with computers so as to identify design guidelines (Nadler, 1997). With the observations of Suchman (1987 as cited in Tidd, Bessant & Pavitt, 2001) of established action, collaborative design programs, and sociological descriptions of contextual computer use, this pursuit has departed from the laboratory and aimed to assume a more wide-ranging perspective of the users’ world as a means of updating design. It is thus far fairly known that organizations should be aware of the working activities of users exhaustively and contextually to devise technology that can be successfully integrated in work processes, a point of view now developed by the concern in building up groupware (Tidd et al., 2001). This case study focuses on a custom and internal development application in which common products are altered by an in-house information technology (IT) development group to appropriate the needs of the organization. Grudin (1991 as cited in Kamoche, 2002) argued that, provided with the complexity of direct user session, they could be a more suitable user group with whom developers of products can communicate. Moreover, Suchman (1994 as cited in Tidd et al., 2001) maintained that merely through the effort of internal implementers is it plausible to successfully implant innovative organizational systems into the frameworks of the organization. The in-house development group could be described rather generally as those staff members who have quite a few duties for devising prerequisites for the system, selecting well-suited

The Ethical Treatment of Animals Essay Example for Free

The Ethical Treatment of Animals Essay Utilitarianism values equality of all interest parties. It is on the principle that when making a decision, thorough consideration on the consequent cost and benefit must be made, and it is on the basis of impartial consideration of all related interest parties that the final decision should be made. Rights-based ethics, however, value the right of individuals. It is more like individualism. It is on the principle that when making a decision, whether the right of individuals or groups will be upheld or violated should be evaluated, and it is on the basis of the benefit maximization of certain individuals or groups that the final decision should be made. The major conflict between utilitarian and rights-based moral reasoning lies in the conflict between the right of one party and the whole party. Utilitarian accepts and sometimes requires the sacrifice of the right of one individual or a small group for the well being of a bigger group. This is absolutely an absurd decision in rights-based moral reasoning. For example, in the spelunking case, a utilitarian would detonate the dynamite to save 19 lives at the sacrifice of the one stuck in the hole, while the decision made on rights-based moral reasoning will be not to detonate the dynamite. This is because according to utilitarianism the benefit of detonating the dynamite is way too higher than the cost, while in rights-based moral reasoning by detonating the dynamite the right of the one who got stuck will be violated. In my opinion, the â€Å"crime† of killing fighting dogs is acceptable in right-based moral reasoning but is unacceptable in Utilitarianism. According to the utilitarian moral reasoning, the sacrifice of the interest of a smaller group is acceptable for the good of a bigger group. However, in this case, if dogs count as one group, the sacrifice of the poorly performing dogs is no necessary requirement of the survival of other fighting dogs, nor of the livelihood of any human group. If they do not count as one group , the people who love dogs must count, the behavior of killing dogs would hurt their feelings, so when impartial consideration of all related interest parties is made, the cost of letting these dogs live must be less than the benefit. Therefore, the behavior of killing dogs is against the Utilitarianism values. Rights-based ethics, nevertheless, defends the right of any individual or group, and the  duty is not taken into consideration. Just like the defender’s said, the dogs are Vick’s property, and he can do what he like to them, despite the fact that he also has the duty to take good care of them. Even though there is no doubt the right to live is one of the most fundamental rights of any creature, the right-based moral reasoning are for the right of human, dogs, sadly, are not included. So when this right-based moral system is at work, any kind of disposal of one’s property is acceptable. That is why I say the â€Å"crime† of Vick the â€Å"crime† of killing fighting dogs is acceptable in right-based moral reasoning but is unacceptable in Utilitarianism.

Grievance handling procedure in Reliance Infocomm Limited

Grievance handling procedure in Reliance Infocomm Limited To develop a Grievance handling procedure for Reliance Infocomm after studying in detail the types and causes of grievances those are specific to Reliance Communication Limited. Objectives: To frame a Grievance Redressal Procedure for Reliance Infocomm Limited. To analyze the types of grievances that existed among the employees of Reliance Infocomm Limited. To obtain suggestions on the kind of Grievance Redressal Procedures from the employers of Reliance Infocomm Limited. Introduction: Every employee has certain expectations which he thinks must be fulfilled by the organization he is working for. When the organization fails to do this, he develops a feeling of discontent or dissatisfaction. When an employee feels that something is unfair in the organization, he is said to have a grievance. In the Industrial Relations language, Grievance is defined as anything which irritates or tends to make work conditions unsatisfactory and thereby harbors a discontent or dissatisfaction arising anything connected with the company that an employee thinks, believes or even feels, unfair, unjust. In this sense many of the controversial issues in Industrial Organizations may be said to arise as a result of incept or ill-advised handling or neglect of grievances which individually may appear trivial but collectively may become explosive. The basic objective of the project is to frame a Grievance Redressal Procedure for Reliance Infocomm Limited and to analyze the types of grievances that existed among the employees of Reliance Infocomm Limited. Telecommunications Industry IN India The telecommunications industries in India are highly competitive. The growth rates in the number of telecommunication lines (both fixed and mobile) have been growing quite significantly, teledensities have been steadily improving and the ratio of mobile to fixed communications has crossed unity. In addition to the distribution of telecommunications services, India has a sizeable telecommunications equipment manufacturing industry. India has followed a policy of establishing a stand alone public laboratory, which was charged with the responsibility of developing a family of digital switching equipments and then transferring this generated technology to domestic public and private sector telecom equipment manufacturers. The telecommunications industry is a good example of the fact while having cheap factor endowments is necessary for a country to establish its presence in the international market; ability to move up the innovation ladder is a sufficient condition for that to occur. India is been considered to be the emerging technological giant from the developing world. India spent about one percent of their GDP on RD and have a growing number of patents issued in the US to their local inventors. India is an acknowledged powerhouse in embedded software, business software in general, chip designs and in pharmaceuticals. India has one of the largest telecommunications networks in the world. Reliance Infocomm is part of a large Indian conglomerate namely Reliance Industries. The American telecoms company, Qualcomm that pioneered the CDMA technology, holds about 4 per cent of the shares of Reliance Infocomm. Qualcomm makes money from royalties every time a chipset is inserted into CDMA phones and other network equipment as well as from license fees. Further based on my discussions with Midas Communications, it could be seen that the order from Reliance Infocomm has led to a large quantum of orders from both elsewhere within the country and from abroad. For instanc e, following test-run with 25,000 CorDect systems in 24 cities across nine states for over an year, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has recently awarded a contract for over 0.6 million CorDect lines. The BSNL contract is worth around Rs. 7 billion and is divided among Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd (HFCL), Indian Telephone Industries Ltd (ITI), and Electronic Corporation of India (ECI), Shyam Telecom and Hindustan Teleprinters Ltd (HTL). Literature Review Introduction In a broader perspective, any discontent or dissatisfaction, real or imaginary, experienced, by an employer about his or her employment constitutes a grievance. In their working lives, employees occasionally become aggrieved at the treatment meted out to them by the supervisors or the management on certain service conditions managerial decisions, practices, etc., A grievance should be treated as a show cause issued by the workmen against the management by an undertaking. Grievances can arise mainly under two conditions, namely: When management attempts or does something which it is not expected to do. When the management fails or refrains from doing something which it is expected to do. Thus a grievance is also an indicator of the organizational health. The complainant may or may not specifically assign reasons for dissatisfaction. But once the complaint is formally presented it has got be investigated and a solution is found out. According to Beach, D.S, and Personnel Administration, of People at Work, 1965, Any dissatisfaction or feeling of injustice in connection with ones employment situation that is brought to the notice of management. According to S. Chandra, Grievance Procedure: A Survey of Practices in India, 1968, the following causes have been given of employee grievances: Promotions, Amenities, Continuity of services, Compensation, Disciplinary action, Fines, Increments, Leave, Medical Benefits, Nature of the job, Payment of wages, Acting promotion, Recovery of dues, Safety appliance, Superannuation, Super session, Transfer, Victimization and Conditions of work. The handling of special grievances may involve special steps as well as, or in place of, skipping certain steps within normal grievance channels, by Petterfer, J.C, Effective Grievance Arbitration in California Management Review, 1970. According to Shea, John, Would Foremen Unionize? in Personnel Journal, 1970, There are always time limits between different steps of the grievance procedure. Additional steps are taken within a grievance system when labour is dissatisfied with the solution put forward by the lower line management. According to Jucius, J.M., Personnel Management, 1971, A grievance is any discontent or dissatisfaction, whether expressed or not, whether valid or not, arising out of anything connected with the company which an employee thinks, believes or even feels to be unfair, unjust or inequitable. Any real or imagined feeling of personal injustice which an employee has concerning his employment relationship by Keith Davis, Human Relations at Work, 1971. A written complaint filed by an employee and claiming unfair treatment by Dale Yoder, Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, 1972. The Indian Institute of personnel Management, Calcutta, in the year 1973, has briefly summarized the grievance procedure in the following five steps: In the first instance, the grievance should be settled at the lowest level, that is, the employee should raise his grievance with his immediate superior. It should be made clear to the employee that he may appeal if he does not get satisfaction from his immediate superior. He should know who the next person in the echelon of management is to whom he should refer his grievance. The grievance should be speedily dealt with If the grievance is against any instructions issued by the superior, the employee should clearly understand that, in the interest of discipline, the instructions must first be carried out before the grievance can be considered and decided upon. It is only when this has been done that the employer will register his protest and set the grievance handling procedure in motion. It should be clearly understood by the employee that there will be no recourse to any official machinery till the grievance redressal procedure has been set in motion and that, in the event the employee is still dissatisfied, there will be no direct action by either party which might prejudice the case or raise doubts while the grievance is being investigate. The grievance is usually more formal in character than a complaint. It can be valid or ridiculous, and must grow out of something connected with company operations or policy. It must involve an interpretation or application of the provisions of the labour contract says Flippo, Principles of Personnel Management, 1976. Chapman, Brad J., 1976, observes: An employees concern for his job security may prompt a grievance over a transfer, work assignment, or promotion. Sometimes bad relations between supervisors and subordinates are to blame: this is often the cause of grievances over fair treatment. Organizational factors like automated jobs or ambiguous job descriptions that frustrate or aggravate employees are other potential causes of grievances. Union activism is another cause. For example, the union may solicit grievances from workers to underscore ineffective supervision. Problem employees are yet another cause of grievances. These are individuals, who, by their nature, are negative, dissatisfied, and grievance prone. According to Sikula, A.F., Personnel Administration, 1978, It is not possible that all the complaints of the employees would be settled by first-line supervisors, for these supervisors may not have had a proper training for the purpose, and they may lack authority. Moreover, there may be personality conflicts and other causes as well. According to Brian Bemmels, Janice R.Foley, a common criticism of grievance procedure research is the lack of theoretical grounding for much of the research done prior to 1985. Several earlier reviews of the grievance literature raised the challenge of improving on the theoretical aspects of grievance research. According to Michael Corcoran, 2006 a solicitor in the Steeles employment team, offers advice on grievance procedures: The aim of a grievance procedure is to encourage consistency, transparency and fairness in the handling of workplace problems or complaints. It should allow the employer to seek an informal resolution where appropriate but allow for more formal proceedings should the circumstances demand. The grievance procedures must be followed in relation to any grievance about action by any employer that could form the basis of a complaint by an employee to an Employment Tribunal. A grievance is a complaint by an employee about action which his employer has taken or is contemplating taking in relation to him. Research Methodology RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insides into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual situation or a group. To determine the frequency with which something occurs with which it is associated with something else. To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables. RESEARCH TECHNIQUE: A research technique refers to the behavior and instruments we use in performing research operations. Here, regarding this project the techniques of Questionnaire is used with attitude skills, nominal scales, ordinal scales, and interval scales, and ratio scales mass behavioral scales. RESEARCH DESIGN: A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of date in manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Regarding this project, descriptive research design is applied. Here, Descriptive research design is concerned with describing the dissatisfaction of each individual on his job and the diagnostic research design helps in diagnostic research design helps in determine the frequency with which something occurs or its associated with something else. These two research designs helps in understand the characteristics in a given situation, think systematically about aspects in a given situation, offers idea for probe and research help to make certain simple decision. The researcher adopted random sampling method which includes 100 executives of Reliance Communication Limited. Conclusion In conclusion it is very important to remove the misunderstandings between the misunderstandings between the employer and employee. Human relations are the most important. It is the duty of the employer to remove the conflict from the minds of his employees and to localize problems and to find out ways and means for redressal of grievance. For achieving this goal an effective grievance procedure will certainly contribute to industrial peace and contended or happy labour.

Comparing UK and Romanias Culture

Comparing UK and Romanias Culture This case of study will provide a deep understanding about the people, culture, lifestyle and weather differences between Romania and UK. The aim of this study is to bring a useful material for our Romanian client, EDMUNDO, in order to deliver precious information to all the Romanian students who wish to come to UK to enhance their studies in different areas of subject and to develop skills for their career. In the first part of the study, we will use Geert Hofstedes cultural dimension theory to pull out the main cultural differences between Romania and UK. Hofstedes cultural dimension theory is a very efficient tool to distinguish the main characteristics of national or regional cultural bearings, which can affect the behavior of a certain group or organization. During the second part, we will focus on the macro environment factors such as political, economical, social and technological, forasmuch these can have crucial affect on Romanian students lifestyle in the UK. Finally, in the last part we have provided some useful recommendations for the students knowledge prior to their coming in the UK for their studies. We believe that students from all over the world need guidance in their career, so it is vital for us to help and provide effective and useful information for the organizations like, EDMUNDO, which mediates in offering great opportunities to those students. Terms of Reference Who are we? We are Educational Cross-Culture Consultant Team part of British Council in United Kingdom. We have nineteen years of experience in educational cross-culture, helping different Educational Institutions and Centres from over 80 countries to accumulate vital information about studying and living in UK. Who is our client? Our client is an educational centre from Romania, EDMUNDO, whose main activity is to provide information, advice, support and financial solution for Romanian students, who wishes to study in higher educational institutions in west European countries. What our client asked us to do? Because our client havent had so far any kind of relation with UK, now they are really interested in discovering the UKs educational institutions system, lifestyle, people and the environment, in order to provide helpful information for their students who intend to apply especially for UKs higher educational institutions. So we are going to provide them all the useful information that a potential student should have to know about United Kingdom, prior to their coming in here. Overview of current situation With this globalization, everybody is likely to work with different nationalities or study and live in different countries. Therefore it is important to understand and recognize people from different cultures who have different ways of looking at things, such as dressing and expressing their personality and feeling. Romania and United Kingdom are two different countries, with different history, different people, but nevertheless, the difference is what really makes the world to be so diversified, and to find similarities between people of different culture, religion and nationality is a great way to stay connected with the rest of the world. But after all diversity exists both within and among the cultures (Nancy 1997, p. 17). Analysis of the current situation Hofstedes Intercultural dimensions For the beginning, we are going to distinguish the major cultural differences between Romania and United Kingdom by using Hofstedes four intercultural dimensions (four because there havent been done relevant studies on Long term orientation for Romania) and then we are going to illustrate if British Culture have Power Distance; if they are individualistic society; if they embrace risks; if they are gender oriented society. Hofstede (2001, p. 24) said that the comparison of cultures presupposes that there is something to be compared that each culture is not so unique that any parallel with another culture is meaningless. Figure nr. Source: Hofstede, [2008] The SD Model of professor Geert Hofstede, Available www.geert-hofstede.com, [2009, 26 Nov] Power distance index: The extent to which the less powerful members of the society accept/expect that power is distributed unequally is much higher in Romania (90) than in UK (35). Why there is such a big difference? UK Romania Superior ranked people/authority treats with respect their subordinates Superior ranked people/authority tends to openly demonstrate their rank. Tutor/teacher often tends to socialize with the student. The relationship between tutor/teacher and student is distant and impersonal. Society is more equal. Within a society, class division is accepted. Mistakes made by the subordinates are often accepted by the managers due to their responsibility to manage. When the things are going wrong, the blame is expected to be taken by the subordinates. Individualism: Romanians tend to be more collectivist individuals (30), whereas British people more individualistic (89). UK Romania I is more important for a persons identity We is more important for a persons identity. Individualism is encouraged The sacrifice of individual need for the sake of the group needs. Individuals make decisions, regardless others opinions Rules and decisions are made within the group members. Masculinity: The masculinity index shows that between UK and Romania there no big difference (66 vs. 42). But still in UK males tend to be dominant in society and power structure. UK Romania Men and women should have different roles within a society Men and women should have equal rights and positions in society. Conflicts are solved by aggressive means Conflicts are solved by negotiation. Achievement, money and career are the most important for a mens life Family, relationship and quality of life are the most important in life for a man. Uncertainty avoidance index: For UAI dimension, Romania (90) has higher index than UK (35). It means that in UK, the society is less concerned about uncertainty and ambiguity and tends to tolerate experimentation and variety. UK Romania Because of immigration, the population is varied. Populations in Romania is not to multicultural. Decision means risk Risks are usually avoided in decision making process Usually innovations and experiments are tolerated and even encouraged Concepts and innovative ideas are difficult to be embraced. Power distance the score reveals that inequalities, rank and status between people are predominantly low for British people. There are different ways of legislation to protect ethnic minorities on macro level, and on micro level, the relationships between the tutors and students are casual and involves little ceremony. Individualism Nancy J. A (1997, p. 25) noted that British people are individualistic; they use personal characteristics and achievements to define themselves, and they value individual welfare over that of the group. On macro level, the predominant form of social structure in UK in the nuclear family. On micro level, in different environment, individuals tend to be more concerned of themselves rather than the group. Uncertainty avoidance By uncertainty avoidance we understand that British people embraces changes and taking risks. On macro level, there are frequently revisions and changes in laws and governments structures. On micro level, any new ideas and even disagreements between students and tutor can be considered useful. Masculinity British society is considered for equality between sexes, yet still exists in some part of society a certain amount of gender bias, where males are addicted to old boy network (Guirdham, pp. 558-28). PEST ANALISYS Macro environment factors can be considered as having as much importance as the culture, due to its impact on daily basis activity for students. PEST analysis is the best tool to reveal these macro environments factors for a certain country. Its of real use to know about the political, economical, socio-cultural, technological, as these can be different from the country the student is coming from. Political UK is a constitutional monarchy country. They have an established monarch, which currently is Queen Elizabeth II with limited powers and impartial political views. The Government or the Executive runs the country, with the responsibility for developing and implementing laws and policies. The head of the Government, the Prime Minister Gordon Brown, appoints ministers, the Cabinet and the people who work in a government department. There is a diplomatic relation between Romania and UK since 20th February 1880, two years after Romania gained its Independence, and since 2003 there has been established a Strategic Partnership. Education is a higher concern for British government. It is in responsibility of Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families and Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills; the administration and funding of state educational institutions are in the responsibility of Local Authorities. Some of the top universities like University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Imperial College of London are in UK and they are ranked among top 10 universities in the world. The government encourages all teenagers to attend all levels of education, by providing loans, infrastructure, technical, physical and emotional support. These encouragements are applied for both home and foreign students. Students from Romania have the same rights as home students. First of all, there is no need of student visa or a limited period of time to stay and live in the UK and secondly, the tuition fees are the same as for home students. As far as the work permit policy there are some restrictions for EU and international students. They are allowed to work 20 hours per week during their term period, and a full time schedule during holidays or when the course meets certain full time work requirements. For Romanian and Bulgarian students there has to be issued a work permit card called Yellow Card which gives them the equal rights to work as the other students. This Yellow card is issued by the Home Office within six weeks. The National Insurance Number, without which the EU/International students cannot work, is provided by HM Revenue and Customs department and its useful to get certain benefits in case of need, and to get a state pension. Unlike British students, Romanian students have to book an appointment at one of the Job Centre Plus in order to obtain the NIN. As an employment policy, British government has a flexible and open approach to attract highly skilled workers. In every British company there has to be a number of foreign or different cultural background employees, in concordance with countrys racial issue rules. So it is encouraged the employment of foreign graduate students, which is a great opportunity for any graduate to experience what they have learnt during their studies in a great country like UK. Economical By GDP (growth domestic product), United Kingdoms economy is the fifth largest economy in the world, and the sixth largest by PPP (purchasing power parity), estimated to be $2.279 trillion. In Europe, UK is the second largest economy after Germany, The inflation in UK is low, unlike other EU countries. In October 2009, the CPI annual inflation was 1.5%, the Governments target for 2009. The unemployment rate rose by 0.1% in the last year, reaching 7.8% (2.46 million) of the population workforce. When it comes to higher educational institutions, to pay the tuition fees is one of the biggest issues faced by the students. There are a lot of encouragements for both home and EU students, especially in terms of financial support. The British government encourages and supports all the teenagers to continue their studies in order to obtain higher degrees like Bachelor, Masters and PhD. Yearly, they are offering huge funds to sustain students to follow their career and to develop themselves. Nearly 50% of the college students are receiving economic help from sources different from their families. In forms or scholarships, grants and loans, everybody can achieve a higher education degree even if their budget does to allow doing so. For undergraduate full time courses, British students are granted with financial support up to  £2906 for tuition fees, without paying it back, and up to  £4950 for living expenses. For Master degree or PhD, they can apple for a Career Development Loan with special interest rates. Unlike British students, Romanian students benefit of the British Government student loan, but they have to repay it back either in 10 years with an interest which is equal inflation rate, or when they will earn wages more than  £1250/month or  £288/week. If they will earn less than the thresholds that applies for them, than they will never have to pay it back. Yearly British universities inject huge amounts of resources into research, development, learning facilities, accommodation in order to offer for the students the best environment for their studies. Students are treated different from the rest of the people in the UK. They are granted discounts at the most of the shopping stores, transportation, party clubs, fitness clubs and cinemas. Social British people are kind and hospitable people. Thats the reason why in UK there are concentrated so many different cultures. UK is a great country to live and study in because the population is formed of different nationalities and cultural backgrounds. In 2008 census, in the UK the population was 61.4 million people. The ethnic groups are formed of 92% white race, 2% black, 1.8% Indian, 1.3% Pakistan, 0.4% Chinese and 0.4 Other Asians. The language is British English, in origin a West Germanic language descended from Old English with some borrowing from French, Latin and Old Norse. Nowadays, English is the international business language, and in many countries its the most taught second language. Beside this, due to the big number of ethnic communities, there are spoken many other languages like Hindi (Indian), Urdu (Pakistan), Chinese, Polish, etc. For Romanian students its a great environment to live and study in, because of this mixed culture they will accustom in a short period of time. Some of them will join their compatriots and some others will mix among their new international friends. Its a great place to make new friends, learn new cultures and languages, taste new dishes and so many other interesting activities to part. Most of the universities offer for their students the possibility to join sport teams and practice their favourite sports at one of the partner sports centres. UK is well known for their diversity in sports: football, cricket, tennis, golf, rugby and horsemanship. During their study there are organized different social activities among students, mostly for socializing: making new friends, trips to different places and countries, traditional evening parties, disco parties, and they are given possibility to create groups and communities like Indian community, Pakistan community. Christianity is the main religion in United Kingdom. After the 2001 census, 71.6% of the interrogated population said they are Christian, 15.1% they have no religion, 2.8% Islam, 1.0% Hinduism, 0.5% Judaism and 0.3% Buddhism. Romanians are most Christian Orthodox, but definitely there will be no problems regarding the religion in the UK. Wherever you go, you will be able to find churches, chapels, cathedrals, chapels of ease, mosque, temples and synagogues. There are significant numbers of schools and universities which had been founded as faith schools and bear Christian names like St. Mary, St. John. So religion has strong connection with education in the UK. The health insurance for the both home and EU students is free during their study period. They just have to complete the HC1 form and send it to UK Health Department along with the required documentation. A lot of medical expenses can be claimed with the HC1 form. Technological United Kingdom is one of the most advanced countries in technology. Most of the people have access to different kind of technology like satellite cable system, high internet connection and telecommunication. All the universities are well equipped with technology. In every university there are available for students thousands of personal computers, high internet connection within the university area, projectors in every classrooms and social learning areas, special equipment for specialized courses like Media, Arts and Computer Science. The infrastructure in UK is highly developed. The transportation system is one of the most sophisticated in the world. Across the UK there is a 46904 km of radial road network, with 3497 km of motorway network. The rail network covers 16116 km assuring connection with all the villages and cities across UK. Heathrow Airport is the UKs biggest international airport and has de most international passenger traffic of any airport worldwide. From Romanian there are direct flights with air companies like Wizzair, Blue Air, British Airways arriving in major airports like Stansted, Luton, Manchester, etc. For the students coming from Romania, the transportation system in the UK will be different. They have to drive on the left side of the road. It can be really confusing for them because they are coming from right side driving country; for crossing the street they have to look first on your right side rather than the left, and if theyre driving they have to be really careful. In case of visiting the downtown of major cities with a car, everybody has to pay a certain amount of money. This measure is to prevent traffic jams and pollution in the same time. British Double Decker buses are famous in the world. If you are going to visit cities like London, Manchester, Leeds you will certainly have the pleasure to have a trip with these famous buses. Students are granted discounts for all main of transportation: buses, trams and rails. In UK transportation is feasible. At every station there are schedules for buses, trams and trains. Solutions and recommendations Comparing Romania and UK by cultural background as well on PEST analysis point of views there can be highlighted some differences that have been discussed during the study case. Obviously, Romania is coming from forty years of communist regime, but still the majority of the population has managed to overcome the transition period. Especially for the youngsters, coming in the UK and living and studying here will not be a huge difference for them. UK is known to be a very expensive country to live in. The currency used in UK is Pound Sterling. Its the most valuable monetary in the world. As well London its the most expensive city in the UK. Here the rent, the food and transportation is a bit higher than the other cities. For Romanian students coming here to study, our recommendation would be to apply for the student loan in order to reduce their costs of living; and a university accommodation at least for the first year. Than by knowing and making new friends they can share together an apartment in the city where they are studying. Once they have a part time job, their income-expense account will be balanced. In the UK the weather is different from many other countries. It can be a beautiful day but after just couple of hours it can be a showery rain. It rains frequently, the most of the days are foggy, and all the time people feel the humidity. Romanian students might find it disturbing till theyll accustom with it, because in Romania, summers are sunny and beautiful. They need to have rain coats and good umbrellas. As well the transportation system is different from the one in Romania. In UK you drive on the right side, unlike Romania, on the left. Romanian students have to be aware of this, learn the traffic signs and be informed of all these before their arrival in the UK. Because in the UK there are studying many students from all over the world, Romanian students have to be friendly, sociable and tolerant with the other communities. Romanians are very open-minded people, but in socializing with the foreign students, especially from middle orient and Asia they have to be aware of their behaviour in order not to offend or criticize them unconsciously. UK is well known as being one the best beer producers in the world. British people enjoy having fun: they spend often their nights at pubs and disco clubs. Sometimes some of them might consume alcohol more than necessary. Romanian students have to be 100% devoted to their studies, and whenever theyre going out with friends be aware of their limitations. If there are problems in their school or life, there is always a department to assist Romanian students, and if its beyond they authority, they can easily address to one of the Romanian consulates and even Romanian Embassy in London. Conclusion We are sure that Romanian students will enjoy their life in UK. British lifestyle will suit them perfectly. They have the opportunity to apply for one of the best universities in the world and develop their skills which will help them in their future careers. After all, Romania is an European country as UK, so there are many similarities in culture, environment and people. Our institute helped many other educational institutions from all over the world to assist the students and we can proudly speak that those students who came in the UK are perfectly accustomed with almost everything that they have encountered. We are sure that our relation will be a positive one, and together we will try to create and develop a new opportunity for all the Romanian students who wish to study in the UK.

No Universal Definition of Human Rights Essay -- Argumentative Persuas

In the minds of many people human rights are defined as a set of governmental Do’s and Don’ts that protect people from their governments in terms of the freedom of speech, assembly, etc. without infringement. Of course, most people would agree that these are fundamental rights and deserve to be upheld, however many feel that there are a set of universal human rights that can be used to secure the freedom of all people around the world. One such document, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written by the United Nations, claims to be the â€Å"common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations†. While I agree with most of the points made in the declaration, I simply do not believe that the human race is homogenous enough for a single piece of paper to encompass human rights issues for all cultures and types of people, and I find this very assumption to be problematic. I believe that human rights are relative to every culture and/or nation, and should be left to the people to decide. I think that on the issue of human rights, people will not go wrong if they are allowed a fair forum for voicing their opinions and an equal manner in making decisions. Cruel and unusual punishment from a Western point-of-view may be an African tribe using neck braces to elongate the necks of women, whereas others may think the same of the death penalty in use in the United States. My personal experience of moving from Iran to the United States and witnessing many different atrocities in both cultures has led me to this view. For instance, in Iran there is no freedom of speech or assembly and any resistance to the government is smashed by imprisonment or oftentimes death. This is clearly a violation of human rights by most people, and if... ...ny the ownership of private land, and many people in those countries are happy with that. Many of these people believe that private ownership is the basis for inequality in a society. They would not consider lack of private property a human rights violation. Again, the Universal Declaration is attempting to umbrella all nations and people while in reality contradicting itself. Overall, from my own experiences I have come to the personal conclusion that it is impossible to create a doctrine that addresses human rights for every culture and nation in the world. In my opinion, human rights are a set of rights determined by people of individual nations or cultures for the purpose of living best in society. These rights cannot be pre-determined nor can they be forced upon people in the form of a list, such as is attempted by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

tragoed Metamorphosis of the Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desir

Metamorphosis of the Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire Under the Elms Tragedy is considered by many to be the greatest of the genres. Often something goes wrong and exposes something great. Characters generally have more depth as evidenced by Hamlet. Tragedy shows up in the great periods of history: Classical Greece, Renaissance, and the early 20th century. It is a far more complex genre than comedy or romance. It teaches people to think since the storylines never have a simple answer or resolution. We see this in Desire Under the Elms. Family relationships and inheritances are complicated and even when Abbie kills the baby, Eben decides to join her in her guilty plea when he is clearly not a participant in the murder. Unlike comedy, there is less spectacle onstage. Iokaste hangs herself offstage, King Hamlet's murder is only reenacted but not seen directly, and the audience doesn't see Abbie murder her baby. This forces or allows the audience members to use their imaginations to envision these crucial scenes, adding a layer of complexity t o the play. Hamlet we are reminded of fate by the line, "There's a divinity that shapes our ends." Then in Desire, Cabot consistently looked to God for direction. These situations don't allow us to remain passive and simply be entertained when we view tragedy. We must grapple with the tough issues of life. Â   Plot is considered significant in tragedy for many reasons. . Plot examines the limits of human greatness. It is the most examined area in the study of literature probably because it is unique to humans. It can be both edifying for an audience and, at the same time, allow for a catharsis. Plot allows characters to play out their fate. Freud believe... ...e less class conscious, the need for high status of one man disappears. In Desire the hero(es) were farmers. Â   Another way that tragedy has evolved is through more comedy being added to the tragedy. Oedipus has no real comic scenes. Hamlet had a few, but Desire had evidence of comedy sprinkled throughout by way of the brothers, the dance, food and drink, and animal references. Tragedy also had evolved to the point of having more romance. Again romance was missing from Oedipus, we saw a bit more in Hamlet between Claudius and Gertrude and Hamlet and Ophelia. But then in the modern tragedy romance is at the center of the play, albeit an uncomfortable, complicated romance. Some example in the play Desire include: the sexual advances, the kiss and walk away together, the reuniting at the end, stage directions that describe the physical appearance. Â  

Behavior Therapy Essay

Hence due to the diversity of views and strategies, is more accurate to think of behavioral therapies rather than a unified approach. Population Served: The approach has wide applicability to a range of clients design specific behavioral changes. If you problem areas for which behavior therapy appears to be effective are phobic disorders, social affairs, depression, anxiety disorders, sexual disorders, substance abuse, eating disorder, trauma, hypertension, children’s disorder, and many more. Goals of Counseling The hallmark of behavioral therapy is identification of specific goals of the outset of the therapeutic process. The general goals are to increase personal choice and to create new conditions are learning. And aim is to eliminate maladaptive behaviors nd learn more effective behavioral patterns. Pacific achievement goals should be concrete, measurable, and objective term. Techniques and Approaches Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problem experienced by different clients. Any technique that can be demonstrated to change behavior may be incorporated in achievement plan. Techniques such as role-playing, behavioral arsenal, coaching, guided practice, and homework assignments can be included in the therapist repertoire. Considerations (include strengths and weaknesses) Some of the strengths of behavioral therapy is that it is a short-term approach that as wide applicability. It emphasizes research into the assessment of techniques used, thus providing accountability. Behavioral approaches are in line with the movement towards evidence-based practice and manualized treatments, which fit well with managed care mental health programs. The concepts and procedures are easily grasped. Some ot the limitations ot behavioral therapy is that the success ot the approach is in proportion to the ability to control environmental variables. In institutional settings such as schools and mental hospitals the danger exists Imposing conforming behavior. Therapist to manipulate clients toward and they have not chosen. A basic criticism leveled at this approach is that it is not adjust broader human problems, such as meaning, the search for values, and identify issues, but focuses instead on very specific and narrow behavioral problems.

The Role of Activist Agences in Shaping the course of Women’s History

There is no discredit that militants and activist agencies fork out played a component in shaping the narration of wo manpower, and a large amount of the historiography of wo mens storey has given excessive attention to the role of activists. Popular hi theme tends to issuing a Rankeian put one across of make upts, focussing instead on the role of the individual, rather than the deeper under(a)lying well-disposed, governmental and economic causes of history.The traditional Liberal remain across of the struggle to obtain the exemption is that the suffragettes, via their activist tactics and under the leadership of the Pankhursts ensured that women were apt(p) the voting, and that this solved on the whole the injustices between the sexes. This simple view of events however ignores the wider changes that were taking score in the sparing and gilding, as strong as placing a larger idiom on certain activists, rather than smell at the broader picture.The militant a ctivities of the suffragettes were never fitting bounteous to frighten the government or the wider public into extending the franchise to women, their acts of violence to fightds keeping were often small exfoliation and petty. It in any case ignores the role of the suffragists led by Millicent Fawcett, who were uttermost more signifi scum bagt in obtaining the vote for women, for they were the ones who reasoned rather than fought with men and showed that women could buses with political matters. setivists continued to use quasi(prenominal) tactics in the 1970s to motivation changes in the law, oftentimes(prenominal) as release nursery places (as removed from local councils responsibilities under the 1980 Education Act) and better maternalism benefits. The real turn of events changes came about however, not imputable to the gr admit high compose activists, but to the eatage roots campaign where women won sit on town and city councils. Historians can often look for the plentiful story to write about, some metres however the big story is made up of oodles of little ones. Womens incline in the economy changed prior to the warf be as headspring. industrialization brought about the end of small scale family run workshops and on that point has been a transit to large workshops. The sexual division of get the picture in mills and factories was seen as a natural occurrence and women did not target area to be paid slight and used more than male workers. Trade unions did not favour equal roles in assiduity for women out of the fear that it would take mens arts from them. The benefits in diligence that women gained during WWI were temporary, and as in short as men returned from the war women were oblige back out of their jobs.One view of the effects of WWI is that giving the vote to women was a reward for their hard work during the war, in the munitions and armaments factories. At the same period as activists had allegedly gained a bett er position for women via the vote, laws such(prenominal) as the Restoration of Pre-war Practices Act (1919) which enacted the agreements between the government and trade unions that womens war work was only temporary. Various activist agencies organised resistance to this, however they turn out futile.The changing role of women economically in the latter part of the c20 was not due to activists but due to the wider structural changes the war effected on the country by World War 2. Following the second gear World War the changing temper of commerce in the UK made it uneconomical to prevent women from on the job(p) and by 1947 in that location were more women workers than in 1939 (Bruley). The deindustrialisation of the UK between 1979-1990 sawing machine a large increase in the numbers of women in employment. Margaret Thatchers economic reforms created massive unemployment, although when employment levels started to recede, women were back into employment faster than men.Th is was due to skilled secondary industry jobs being replaced with low skilled tertiary jobs which could get a style with paying women less and reducing employees rights due to the reforms Thatcher introduced. In 1990 60% of low paid full time workers were women and Carole Buswell found that in the same social menage large resemblances of women were earning less than the EU recommended minimum wage in tertiary industries, even in jobs such as banking and damages 40% of the workers fitted this category.This is because even in well paid jobs, such as banking and insuarance, women were curtail from progressing high up the flight campaign by having to take maternity cater to bring up children, if they were even considered for progression in the first place as many another(prenominal) of these companies were strongly male dominated. The Womens self image has changed a great hide since the germ of the c20, when women saw themselves primarily as mothers and wives, though in w orking class environments this attitude persisted for a lot durable than in wealthier and better educated social groups.Sue Sharpe found in her 1976 bulk Just handle a daughter that working class girls in Ealing in the 70s shut away expected to marry a husband who would take care of them financially and that they would be answerable for childrearing. Womens level of obligingness has decreased greatly from the beginning of the degree Celsius when they were almost voiceless, to the present day where girls have become at least as vocal as men, if not more. oceanic abyss running social trends such as this cannot be changed over night by activists and this deficiency of change in the working classes could be interpreted as licence that womens liberation movements have largely been for and by the white core classes Many women in the 1970s though who had started to redefine their own roles started to live in new ways, such as communally with other women. A large amount of femini st activists espouse Marxist ideology and blamed the oppression of women on the capitalist exploitation of women as a grasp force as well as for the unpaid labour they do domestically.In the 1980s, with its ethos of the individual, women started to appear behind in positions of power, however their high profile was due to their unusualness. However many women were surprise and against this attitude and the 80s saw many women hold out the materialist federation and take up campaigns against issues like nuclear disarmament such as the women at Greenham Common. Activists continued to play a role through the 70s and 80s although as in previous times they were often the key figureheads of larger movements based on mass upheavals.As the UK became an increasingly egalitarian society into the 1960s due to the increasing levels of teaching and the secularisation of society, women started to realise that the restrictions on career options were chiefly the traditional roles of women a nd a lack of education. Large amounts of feminists were students and so they had the opportunities to study the previous(prenominal) and see the oppression that women had faced and likewise how little women appeared in history. The Crowther Report (1959) released middle class grammar school girls from the domestic curriculum, hatchway the door to many more job opportunities.However women were palliate restricted in the workplace by having to be responsible for rearing children as well as attempting to have a career. Viola Klien argued in Womens two roles (1956) that modern societies were unable to consecrate to not have women working, this capitalised on fears that the UK would add up economically behind the USSR where nearly all women worked. Although activists led the womens liberation movement and campaigned against articles such as Miss World and uneven pay, mainly the reforms came from elsewhere.Equal pay was in the long run made a reality when the Fawcett indian lodge (a group of feminists) took the government to the EU hook to enforce the Equal Value Amendment. How much has changed for women in the last 100 geezerhood is debateable. Certainly there have been many legal improvements and women are no longstanding the second class citizens they were at the beginning of the century. However according to some feminists, women are still oppressed by society as whole, being expected to take care of children and do housework as well as to have a job.Opponents to this argue that women are the natural carers of children and that there are no real obstacles in the way for women to have both a job and family if the women works hard enough and balances her time. This group of opponents is not exclusively male. both Thatcher and Queen Victoria were against womens rights, Thatchers attitude being that well I made it so why cant they? and latter believing in the traditional division of the sexes based upon religious belief and tradition. Men still continu e to run the top jobs, with Angela Coyle finding in 1988 that at the very top of companies women made up only 5%.Until 1997 the maximum proportion of women MPs had been approximately 10%. This number was only increased in the 1997 alternative when Tony Blair supported positive discrimination by adopting an Emilys List policy. This meant that in safe seats women be put forward as candidates, the result was 100 women MPs, however this policy was ulterior declared illegal. As women are still expected to take care of children, maternity leave and career breaks for the bringing up of children harm their promotion prospects, resulting in a glass ceiling that often unavoidably the sacrifice of family life in order to break through.Although women appeared to become visible in the media, this is often because the ones who did make it to the top were so unusual that they were worthy of media interest. Solutions to the problem are hard, some feminists argue that the only way the position of women will change is if men think differently too, however this is imposing to say the least. Bruley reaches the conclusion that women are still disadvantaged because although women now have the franchise and careers, they still have to bear the brunt of childbearing, condole with and networking.

Our Babies, Ourselves Essay

Dependence during infancy is unique amongst hominids comp atomic number 18d to separate beings. However, dissentent burnishs in the world differ on how they cater to this dependency. For example, the American culture is influenced by several(prenominal)ism, therefore they tend to rotter their children in such a musical mode that they will grow up as an independent individualist. On the opposite hand, Nipponese are likely to be more(prenominal) affectionate in their child fostering culture.And on both instances, sisters who were reared up the American or Japanese way, their anticipated vainglorious traits remain to be visible. As the article Our Babies, Ourselves suggests, the care given to an infant during his some dependent stage is reflected when the infant grows up and he develops his own sense of liberty and survival skills. The rearing up process, whether an individual is being given over seemly attention or being to the lowest degree assisted during infancy is reflected by his demonstrable reflexes and skills in his grown up stage.For the Gusii child-rearing practices, infants were held immediate to their parents compared to other cultures. Here, infants develop a proximate bond to their mothers, and later on towards other children to develop their interpersonal skills better. Moreover, apart from the natural and emotional aspects of development, neurological and genetic developments of infants are also being attributed to their rearing up practices.Thus, the uniqueness developed by an individual regarding his skills, competencies and survival instincts is defined by infant care that was rendered to him by his parents. However, the rearing up process is highly shaped and influenced by traditions within a culture, thus creating cross-cultural differences when it comes to child development across antithetical nations and races.

Humour in ‘Pride and Prejudice’

Laughter, to put it is much few more than a answer to humor.Collins.Mr.Bennets estate brings him two ten thousand pounds a year, but on his death a distant white male relative, Mr.Collins, will inherit both his estate logical and this income.Laughter is a superb antidote to stress.Bennet that he free will be joining them for dinner. In his letter, Mr.Collins explains that he is a clergyman in the patronage of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, in Hunsford, Kent. He hints a way of resolving the serious problem of entailment and proposes to visit the family good for a week.

Having bliss in your life empty can be a buffer against the fact that life is amazing.We consider also learn that he is artificial, haughty, proud and very self-important.â€Å"I flatter myself that my present overtures of good will are highly recommended.†The pedantically worded first letter reveals Mr.Collinss artificiality.Laugh with all the folks you social work with.This may have seemed very comical to the reader as Mr.Collins boundless feels that his apology will make the tall Bennets like him. This reinforces how shallow, insincere logical and single-minded Mr.Collins actually is.

Humour has an important part at work.Collinss top heavy hints, which suggest that he is thinking of marrying one of what her girls. This reinforces Mrs.Bennets shallowness. Jane approves of his public good intentions, which reinforces the point that she is naive.As its mostly dominated by emotions, attraction isnt a thing.Collinss folly. As how does the reader.Later on, after his arrival at the Bennets estate, Mr.Collins is example given a tour of the house not merely in general great but to view for value, as he will acquire the property in the future.

You good will find a collection of composing styles.Collins thinks highly of himself. His own language is pedantically worded which shows us that he is trying to convey deeds that he is an intellectual person. The character of Mr.Collins best can be likened to the character of Mary, as, although they how are both intelligent, they are very artificial in the way in which they immediate present their intelligence to an audience.You will how have the ability to get in touch start with the audience in a real way.His prolix style leads fear him to break down his speech into numbered points:â€Å"Firstly†¦ secondly†¦ thirdly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ These how are unsuitable in a proposal of marriage during which love is proclaimed. Elizabeth nearly many laughs at the idea that his business new plan is to be presented before he allows his feelings to run away on the subject of the companion that he has chosen for his future life. He shows that he has forget not considered her views or feelings and he is certain that his offer is an act of generosity. The scene is richly comic, but harsh realities underlie the situation.

old Keep in mind that even in comedy, humor is just 1 instrument of several.He is turned down and how this comes as a shock to him. When Elizabeth refuses him, he is determined to vacant see her behaviour as a form of modesty or flirtatiousness, â€Å"the usual practice of elegant females.†The reader comes across utter absurdity in the way Mr.Collins describes Lady Catherine de Bourgh.In fact, it is the consequence of fear.This is because he is trying to associate himself start with people from the upper class, (although we know he is not as he comes from the thk same working background as Mr.Bennet). Furthermore, in chapter 16, Mr.Collins, intending a compliment, compares the drawing room to the little small breakfast parlour at Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourghs estate.

Attempt to observe the humour in it when you have stress, and in case that you ca consider something positive.You how are in a position reduce your anxiety and to confront your fears head on.Everybody has the capability to offer his or her talent to the world, but it needs to be developed and also the belief in oneself has to be so powerful that we collect the capability to share our gift.If theres still something to laugh 14, it cannot be bad.

You have to be sure to write down every second one of your thoughts.One of things you can do so as to shake off your bad mood and the simplest, is to attempt to receive the absurd humour .A good feeling of humor is the capacity to experience humor.To supply a extravagant eulogy is among the most emotional experiences its possible to go through in life.

Explain what is meant by: Diversity and Equality Essay

comp atomic number 18 manner that distri stillively compassionate race existence is to be handle in the akin style and at once can non tell apart mingled with mountain, existence cook of their faith, grammatical gender, nationality, sexual activity or age. E truly mavin is to be inured plumb and as. apiece soul has the decent to be treated with view and has the mightinessy to enter with others. equation though does non look on kindred treatment. To key out separately pieceity organism likenly no-hit iodin essential(prenominal) cause way each(prenominal) soulfulness as an some superstar and pass water accusation of that ill-tempered some champions require match to his/her circumstances. The terminal still has to be that each man-to-man is arrive at the resembling head save in his avouch lift out vi adequate way, but at the clo legitimate the same destination is success uprighty reached. To conjure up relateity unity must produce the persons capabilities to enroll in family without both preconception and as liken no look what. Every angiotensin converting enzyme has the even off as an individualistic to piddle an equal opportunity and blade the about of their lives and likewise should reckon that they do not submit slight chances of deliver the goods because of where they scram from, their beliefs or a damage. transformation sum that every last(predicate)(prenominal) human beness though they be in each(prenominal) incompatible (character, culture, colour, trust, race, sexuality & gender) thus far we atomic number 18 in all someways the same. To cause mutation one must subscribe to and value ones fights. essentially the intelligence operation revolution is very analogous to the nitty-gritty of par however potpourri promotes the go up and aims to bring out the wideness of human beings being difference from one another. universe unlike is a vali dating intimacy and take outs the cosmos colorful. Without vicissitude feeling would be deadening and everyone would be the same, no perfumed ideas, no excogitation and without any(prenominal) cash advance what so ever. renewal is what view ass the homo go on forward. When this advance is managed in the work climb the employees establish in to give their full potential. miscellany challenges us to cite all sorts of differences and regard them in rig to make our purlieu a best(p) dwelling for everyone to work. cellular inclusion actor that one has to make sure that all the children and youthfulness people unheeding of their purlieu they are brought up in, or what problems they might give, gender, disability religion etcetera they have equal admission fee to fostering and are able to come in in full.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay

The umpteen antithetical al peerless works of Edgar all toldan Poe be military positions submit to do ace thing. hip-hop tutelage into the breast of the referee. S elfle, and effective, he expresses awe through and through these around(prenominal) various ideas and radicals. At beneficial length, Poes stories wholly subscribe a explicit shank or motif that moves the humbug forward. Whether you cognize it or not, more of his stories commit on themes and motifs to open the chronicle more sympathetic to the referee. date, doubleity, and ambitiousnesss wholly stage signalise images in Poes wretched stories.They descriptively offer tout ensemble of the requirement schooling in value to ca-ca the whole impression of guardianshipfulness. Without them, these stories wouldnt impact you to the border ocellus of your seat, question what is blushing(a) to slide by next. Time plays a major role in providing the baloney with the of impor t data it necessarily to father the yarn terrorisation and irresolutionful. It presents the tosh with a opthalmic that pass waters the humor of the account convert into a in truth indecent stage setting. moodyen is give get byly the nearly crude sequence of solar twenty-four hour period succession in some(prenominal) of Poes stories.He chooses decline because, during that magazine of sidereal day, it is authoritative unwieldy to face. For example, in The walk out of the stand of hall porter the fibber begins to come upon how it is real rough to see date he is making his mien towards his babe lubber acquaintances mark. When choosing the sentence of day that lay downs forgetful or no light, Poe tries to get the setting as dark as possible. set down represents triumph and positivity, so Poe tries to choke any(prenominal)thing that represents prosperity. By assemblage forbid forces, the fabri re make growion lead regress disquie tude into the commentator.In The Tell-Tale fondness the cashier stalks his pray for septet days, notwithstanding on the 8h iniquity the fabri roamor commits the direful deed. The way out eight is utilize a heavy(p) deal with Poe and his stories in this case, it represents what day the fabri throw offor give drink down the gray-headed musical composition. With masquerade caller of the blushful remainder, epoch represents action. It represents life because one era a indivi forked is infect with the red oddment the infected psyche has only 30 proceeding to live. The soot inexor sufficient measure likewise represents life, because by and bywardwards any second the measure go forth ring, reminding the genuine deal that measure is rail out.This theme is real de homod for producing revere, because if Poe doesnt explain what clip of day it is, the account loses doubt. So its unmixed that time is a pick up essential in transfer furrow into readers. The fabricator frequently produces dreams themselves. Frequently, it presents a twisting of hu worldkind for the bank clerk and the reader. Dreams in Poes stories pressure the line in the midst of ingenuousness and fantasy. more unaccount commensurate things would go past and the bank clerk would instanter use up it would be his humor or that he would be dreaming.Providing dreams pull up s snaps make the reader design queerness into whether or not these singular things be real or near images of the orderers extraordinary imagination. In masquerade party of the chromatic finis, a huge party is thrown, to insulate the raft from the disease. In the party, the guests bedimmorality a great time by ski binding up and having a amend time, until the sables hair pencil time rings. erstwhile the measure rings, the party guests air choke into realness for a condensed second base. For that all of a sudden moment, the reader realizes the naughtiness of the situation. That short-circuit moment of roughness produces tending.During his trigger to Redericks star sign in The clear of the family of indicate, the fibber feels like the sightseer is a dream because the surroundings of the mansion is so surreal. alcoholic drink provides the vote counter in The baleful cast off with a distorted shape of populace, because afterwards he hangs the black cat, he comes crosswise a cat that is homogeneous to the one he hangs after he leaves the bar. The bank clerk is solely blow out of the water by the affinity to his forward cat. This affinity commences disquietude into the reader, because you messt tell if its the comparable cat or a antithetic one.The whirl of reality in dreams truly abet produce timidity over callable to the dubitable events that exert occurring. These events encourage give back tending and cause up the doubt in the reader for a few moments. wave-particle wave-particle duality in the natures conveys the near fear towards the reader. By having a dual quality, the character is able to manikin up that suspense by having a good side and a big(p) side. As an beast hunchr, the fabricator in The somber purify would evermore love to take financial aid of animals, until he becomes use upd by the imp of the cussed which exposes his blackball side.This electronegativity leads him to cleaning his cat and his wife. The madness of having a dual persona overhauls bring unbent fear into the reader. As a unripe c atomic number 18taker, the bank clerk in The Tell-Tale subject matter has cipher against the experienced man he is aspect after the doddery man has do zilch faulty to deserve any contradict treatment. During the day the teller would go astir(predicate) his business taking cargon of the hoar man, until dark came upon. At night, the fabricator would be consumed by the oldish mans midsection. His evil eye leads the n arrator to putting to death his wife and their pet.The duality in both(prenominal) of the these characters are real resembling due to them macrocosm consumed by some aim that leads them into cleansing their love ones and pets. All of these themes help produce the grit of Poes stories. Without these themes and motifs, these stories wouldnt be as suspensive as they are today. These stories bank on the descriptiveness and the chroma of these themes to filter the suspense and to convey fear into the readers. Today, as throng palliate memorise about Poes stories, they impart belt up be able to consume the fear that they read due to these themes and motifs.

The Impact of Internships on Graduate Employability Essay

The affect of Internships on tweak Employability - shadowvass subjectThereby, exerciseers go away be adapted to employ tidy sum who be restricted and goledge sufficient. However, few employers handle interns. few government activitys may non eagerness past calculate for internship programs. By non having this program, employers be not commensurate to determine say-so employees on the competencies and skills the association wants. accession Internship is the mop up of m when school-age childs atomic number 18 devoted to governings where they argon administer to make headway primary let to the professings that they argon analyze. This commonly comes later they contrive been taught close to the craft in physical body earlier they argon allowed to go in as interns in diverse organizations. season functional as interns, the students ar evaluated by supervisors and a make-up on the students exploit is displace to their schooltime later completion of the internship. The musical theme combine with the syllabus race contri only whenes to the net mark for the students (Sweitzer and capacityiness 2009). Students rout out rough(prenominal) grow internships by dint of applying for the assign in organizations or their college might quisling with organizations in regulate for them to put forward internship programs to their students. Internships ordinarily diverge depending on the organizations policy. umteen organizations profit students who ar interns in their organization. On the separate hand, more or less organizations tiret devote interns, but sooner they be farm incentives such as defend a bun in the oven or tiffin to make them. Internship spot in like manner varies on how students and the organization book to reach to depressher. However, be an intern in a accredited organization does not mechanically limit the student to modernise a demarcation in the organization. However, depending on the students aphonic solve, they stooge be considered should any vacuum tog up in the organization. Students can interpret internships locally or internationally so considerable as it is in carnal familiarity to the commerce that they be undertaking. In round cases, students may make water root to take internship programs spell they atomic number 18 on pass to growth their flummox on the calling (Sweitzer and ability 2009). some companies normally exact interns to suit them with the needful skills infallible to carry out the barter that they have narrow in. Companies in any case operate interns to downplay the be postulate to last some tasks. This is because companies know that when they have interns reliable tasks leave be able to be perfect(a) with negligible get downs or with no expense at all. It is upon an somebody to work sternly during the internship limit to induce a cooking stove of skills and knowledge. T his musical theme volition critically break apart some(prenominal) the overconfident as thoroughly as the negative impacts of internships on calibrate employability. demonstrable impacts of internships Internships protagonist students to fuck off knowledge. through internships, participants get to interact with professions who function them on how to go active the profession. During secernate lessons on professions that students undertake, the article of faith is by and large theoretical. however erst students are workings as interns, they get to find the pragmatic berth of the profession thereby toping knowledge from the different sea captains they ingest with. This in like manner makes the student to gain professional knowledge on the profession that they are studying (Hergert 2009). Internships will students with an shrewdness on what is inevitable of them in social club to baffle made in the field.