Free

Free Will and Schopenhauer EssayFree impart is considered as having the ability to choose a bloodline of work oution solely based on one(a)s character. Immanuel Kant argues that humans come drop off will and act accordingly, while Arthur Shopenhauer suggests that humans be neurotic and desire to have unleash will, yet they are lead by laws of nature and motives altogether. Perceiving ourselves as playing with free will is just to satisfy the metaphysical requirement on being responsible for ones action. Free will is a phenomenon that does not exist what is perceived to be free will is social break awayments that we act upon and motives that social movement us to do so. Every single action postulate a cause to act upon. .Kant connects free will with morality and implies that morality lies within reason. He does not really develop free will but only refutes objections against it by stating that we are free by knowing we have duties. His argument suggests that flush though we have morals we can always act immorally, by having the ability to act otherwise we have free will. Shopenhauers water pillowcase proves otherwise. This is exactly as if water spoke to itself I can make high waves (yes in the sea during a storm), I can rush pass hill (yesin the river bed), I can plunge down foaming and gushing (yes In the waterfall), I can rise freely as a stream of water in the air (yes In the fountain) I can, finally, boil away and disappear (yes At a certain temperature) but I am voluntarily remaining quiet and clear in the reflecting pond. This example is deterministic and proves that in order for the water to do all those things, it needs a cause to act upon. Just as a man must have a cause that pushes him forward in order to act accordingly. The man needs a motive that will act as a cause.The causal determinism proposes that all future events are necessitated by past and present events combined by laws of nature. It is not a mans free will that ma kes him act morally, but rather, it is the motives that make him act in any particular way. Kant would argue that acting morally has absolute worth because by acting morally, we engage in a higher order of existence. Schopenhauer gives the example of a man who gets out from organise and evaluates his options which he thinks he can freely choose from. That man decides to go home to his wife.He thinks he made this choice freely but genuinely it is because the motive of going home was greater than the other options. If Schopenhauer was to challenge him to say that was expected of you being the boring man that you are, and he went to the theater with him instead, this would heretofore not mean he has free will. It only means that his motives have changed because there is a different cause. Schopenhauers comment causes him to act defying manner. If this man had a more passive character, he might have still gone home to his wife.Causes would have affected him in different ways and he w ould have had different motives. Being responsible of our actions is demanded from us by the society when we act accordingly it is because the societys expectations cause us to act responsibly. Kant argues that as sensible beings, we should consciously and freely choose the responsible thing to do because it is the laws we choose to obey that make us free. Schopenhauer would argue that the only reason we obey rules and act responsibly is because our motives drive us to that bursting charge.If our motives were to conflict with the rules, we would stop being responsible. If men actually had free will that leads them to act responsibly, we would not be able to explain murder, theft or any illegal action that harms the society. When the murderer, the thief or the criminal perform their actions, it is because their motives are conflicting with the rules society set. Humans are suit to law of nature, without a cause, there is no effect therefore we have no free will. According to Kant, one should act as if the maxim of ones action were to become, a universal law of nature through ones will.By stating that, Kant is actually making the law of nature overpower to human free will, putting the effect before the cause. Schopenhauer presents an argument which explains why man are subject to law of nature For man, like all objects of experience, is a phenomenon in time and space, and since the law of causality holds for all such a priori and consequently without exception, he too must be a subject to it. This suggests that we are experiencing the same causalities as every other being does, yet we are blind to see what is obvious.There are too many causes that affect men, which is why we get delusional while recognizing the causes. Both Kant and Schopenhauer use the billiard balls example to illustrate the relation between cause and effect. Kant states that we are not like billiard balls because we have the ability to make our own choices as rational beings. Whereas Sch openhauer suggests that we are like the more entangled version of the billiard balls we will only move if we are hit. We differ from billiard balls not because we have reason, but because we are so constantly hit that we stop perceiving the causes.Every single component in life cause our motives to shape in certain ways which is why it is so hard to grant the causes we act upon. All our actions can be rock-bottom to motives we have in order to satisfy our ultimate purpose to live and to create life. Eventually we are ranned by simple motives such as maintaining our concomitant continuity of existence, reproduction or protection. Even a man who is about to commit suicide will pull his hand away if he apropos touches a hot iron. His reflex will send faster signals to his brain before he can even acknowledge it.He would have no free will over that action it would purely be him obeying the law of nature without even thinking about it. As subjects to law of nature, the decisions we make in our daily lives are mostly caused by the motives to find the best mate possible to create the best off spring. We do not necessarily recognize it, but even the most trivial choices we make, like the desire to drive a fancy car over a cheaper one, is not an act of free will. By doing so, just like a peacock showing his feathers, we are unconsciously lead by motives that push us into a certain direction which will make us more desirable as a mate.We want to be accepted by the society for the same reasons, being a part of a community provides a protection and opportunity to reproduce. The reason why a rich man would help the poor, or join a country club is not because he has free will that makes him morally responsible, or that he enjoys playing golf, but it is because that will make him more esteem and better accepted by the society which he wants to belong. Our reflexes, hormones, neurons, our DNA and the causes that act on us condition the decisions we make. We choose to be lieve that we have free will because it makes us feel as if we have control on our life.As the biologist Lynn Margulis defines Life is the strange fruit of individuals evolved by symbiosis. Swimming, conjugating, bargaining and dominating, bacteria lifespan in intimate associations during the Proterozoic gave rise to myriad chimeras, mixed beings, of which we represent a tiny fraction of an expanding progeny. Through corporeal mergers disparate beings invented meiotic sex, programmed death, and complex multicellularity. Life is an extension of being into the next generation, the next species. Nothing makes us any different than the bacteria, other than being more complex, that solely acted on their instincts.The only difference is the equation that determines our actions have many variables, whereas it was much fewer in prokaryotes. If we are able to netherstand that the simplest forms of life were acting upon the basic motives and no free will, we should be able to perceive that our actions are not different. The chemical distribution of our DNA will cause us to have an essence, which will determine our motives and actions under different circumstances. As the being gets more complex, the cause and effect relation will be harder to observe but still, there will not be free will.

Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics Essay

Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics EssayThe term globalization has been a contentious topic in the field of social sciences and disciplines alike in recent years. The expansive pattern of globalization makes a holistic definition of the archetype difficult. Interestingly, in spite of the vast nature of the concept, there is a tendency to homogenize its meaning. Some commentators posit that globalization depicts a polyvalent, promiscuous, controversial word that oft obscures more than it reveals (Jessop 2002, p.113), and that globalization remains the most over drug abused and under specified term in the inter matter policy domain since the passing of the frigorific War (Higgot 1999, p.1). Indeed the incli e land to generate a broad and homogeneous meaning to the concept of globalization may be as a expiration of the open nature of the concept itself, which makes it quite complex to conceive. and, a key theme in the globalization discourse today is the finale t o which the process has lead to the weakening and/or strengthening of the community bow. Some scholars cast argue that the nation state is central in driving the process of globalization (skeptics), piece of music separates contend that the increase in trans subject profits has weakened the nation state (Globalist).This paper does not intend to take side with any of these assertions rather it seeks to examine the various impacts that the process of globalization has had on the nation state in interacting with global networks and institutions. To achieve this, the first part of this essay looks at the concept of globalization vis a vis the evolution of the nation state within Europe from pre-modern era. This allow bring to fore certain phenomenal changes in the contemporary global political economy of state which has lead to the changing spot of the nation state in recent years.Using four key factors as my reference point, the reciprocal ohm part delves into the impact glo balization has had on the nation state under the following parameters The global expectant, global environment, global citizenship as well as post-nuclear politic. This go away help oneself to suggest the varying consequence of globalism over nationalismIn the final analysis, I find the structure for potential globalism evident, thus conclude that t whence the expansion of global network have transformed the function of nation states in todays global polity, rather than erode the autonomy and reign of nation states.Conceptualising GlobalisationGlobalisation presupposes an ongoing away process which applies to a broad spectrum of activities ranging from sparing actions to the sphere of politics, law, and culture. It is defined as the deepening and expansion of socio- ethnic and socio-political ties beyond national frontiers aided by a strong and complex technological break by dint of (Holm Sorensen 1995, p.1). The empirical revelation of economic interdependence however, finds a place in the globalization thesis when Scholte stressed that the offshoot in global flow of bang-up through distant direct investments, the spread of transnational co-operation, foreign step in transfers, and the system of export processing z anes, has enmeshed the global economy into an integrated trade atomic number 18na. (2000, p.86).Unarguably the global political economy from the twentieth century has take careed big desegregation of national economies particularly through cross-border investment and parcel out, however these interconnectedness tend to shape the policy of state actors via engagements with global institutions without recourse to place and time. Although while the economic logic of globalizations may have shifted to the intelligence of a borderless origination (Ohmae 1990, p .172), it is worth noting that the interplay is not universally applicable as some state borders count demarcated from contemporary global integration( some countries in the s outh). Thus these states adopt isolationist policies in the excuse that their domestic economic posture is not viable sufficiency to interconnect with external forces.Therefore not all social relations have reached the distributor point of global courtlyization while some nation states lead that world(prenominal) political power outflank its role (Taylor 1996, p. 11), others believe that global politics runs over state-centric political network into a more spatial ample framework in contemporary times.The Nation State EvolutionDuring the Middle age epoch in Europe, political authority was distributed between individuals and religious institutions (Axtmann 2004, p.259). The wreak of authority was managed by wealthy merchants, royal families and religious heads in almost all matters during pre-modernization. Although the influence of religious institutions in exercising its authority witnessed a step- dump in the 16th century through the 18th century, Monarchs became increasing ly powerful as a result of certain structural changes in Europe caused by the industrial revolution (Sorensen 2004, p.10). even the king in collaboration with a strong military presence at the time introduced taxes and used states apparatus to permit their actions. State managed infrastructure established for credit and monetary concerns were used to sustain the status quo by maintaining legitimacy and guaranteeing trade (Sorensen 2004, p. 10).This system carved out a central authority arrangement upon which the monarchs and the citizens related, giving rise to an administrative framework that metamorphosed in the emergence to the early form of the modern nation state creation. As a follow up, the signing of the Westphalia treaty in 1648 legitimized state structure as a sovereign entity. The principle of sovereignty was premised on the supremacy of the nation state over its subjects, territorial integrity and natural resources. Fundamentally, it is instructive to point out that pri or to the Westphalia treaty being entrenched, more than two hundred European entities engaged in dialogues (Sorensen 2004, p.10). The consequence of those negotiations saw Europe having only about fifty states currently. This represents the highest form of fragmentation which passed through series of conflict processes especially during the 1900 to 2000, spanning across various wars with the death toll of over 115 million people (Tilly 1992, p. 67).Hence, the process of consolidating states into a transformed entity a good deal navigates through a gradual stage of fierce engagements. This slow but rough-and-ready transformatory stage is the standard, for launching into the international ordering therefore the prevailing global society of states is a product of complete(a) creation following long standing interest articulation and trade-offs. One characteristic of modern state formation, is the severe decline of internal conflict and civil unrest and the prevalence of the rights of nations and human with the threats to violent conflict almost non-existent (Sorensen 2004, p.11).The presence of these attributes will guarantee the legitimate use of force, based on laid down principles and this will shape the relationship between the state and its citizen. Also since the authority which was once distributed amongst varying actors is centrally managed in a modern nation state, it of course translates the allegiance of citizens towards to state in a manner that tends to create a sense of community from their history. This sequential establishment of the modern nations state is crucial to catch the transformations that prepargond states towards opening up to the global space. Just after the emergence of the modern nation states, technological and economic advancement tolerated dramatic development to sink within states and they became keen to protect their own interest in relation to others.In the present day, advancement in almost all spheres of interaction h as loose up the distribution and consumption of hitherto domestic goods to become global products. What this implies is that globalization now plays a dominant role in the relation of the society of states such that economic activities either within or outside the state is done without emphasis on location. Although the economic relation of states are more lots between states, the production of goods and services still remain territorially defined, thus the need to often comprehend international trade through state relations.Examining the set up of globalization on the nation stateGlobal Capital The enthusiasts of capital mobility, in the wake of advancement in information technology have place the transformation of capital to be more global than national. They argue that in a formal geographical sense, the ownership of capital has shifted from the territorially bounded entity into an extensive global community (Mann 1977, p 479).Prior to the 1980s capital mobility was at the p ur lot national government through bond issuance to manage trade deficit/surplus for healthy competition.However the dismantling of state regulations to evolve a loose global market was in tandem with European consciousness to kindize. Today, the speedy nature of the foreign exchange electronic market, likely explains the scale of contemporary global financial flow. The foreign exchange market accounted for tremendous growth from $1 billion in the middle of 1970s to over $1.2 trillion by 1990, surpassing the global trade ratio of 601(Cohn 2000, p.10). Also international bank lending have sky rocketed from a minor level in the 1960s to over 20 billion annually in the 70s and a steady growth of 10 times that level in 1990s.In comparism to the state centric standard of control, contemporary financial capital has become intensively mobile that it no longer yields to the actions of determined governments as thought by many (Ohmae 1990, p.158). It is even more fascinating that the foreig n exchange market has attracted almost any body without formal training, and this has become a speculators heaven overdue to its high yield opportunities it provides. An attempt by regulators to manage the foreign exchange deficits has been unsuccessful since capital gain from the foreign exchange market remains un-tax. Rees-Mogg and Davidson best describe the deregulation in global capital mobility when they stated that the Internet will make avoiding taxes so easy and risk-less that sovereignty will inevitably shift to the individual, leaving the nation-state to die of fiscal starvation (1997, P.159). This clearly shows the extent to which huge capital can literally move around miles across national borders with just a push on a key board button.On the other hand however, its been argued that even though capital movements have become tremendously trans-national the shares and currencies traded are usually pegged to national stock markets principles (Wade 1996). The sceptics re sponse to the flow of capital either through trade or investment is that the institutional origin in which capital flow thrives is largely nationally based. Therefore the role of multi-national co-operations in spreading foreign direct investment around the world does not necessarily make them stateless. For instance the cost of establishing an electronics industry makes hi-tech manufacturing skilled labour, hence to ensure effective production cost, an FDI initiative will allows for the recruitment of local citizens and the avoidance of tariff barriers. This will result in the Manufacturing Company retaining a large proportion of local origin and blend to local conditions as against the claim that MNCs are placeless.Fundamentally, the wave of globalization has transformed national economies from subsistent production to a global production apparatus. This means that the world of states is adjusting to the irreversible dynamics of globalization, as societies are becoming more compe titive and coalescing to create an international system of interdependence.However this trend is not necessarily even or universal, the indications of globalization on the nation state has varying consequences. While a genuine single market is evident in Europe, North America and East Asia, the same cannot be said of Sahara Africa or the Balkans. Yet most literature more often generalizes nation state experience in its interaction with the global network.Global EnvironmentHuman environment is full of overwhelming potential hazards. This risk is attributable to a number of factors, not exclusive to global capitalism. The environmental pressure of coping with economic production has indeed deeply affected the atmosphere and climate of the world. dealing with this destruction will require nation state to take necessary steps in protecting their immediate environment. Europe, America and recently Singapore have sponsored the cleaning up of their environment. Nevertheless the need to re spond to this quarrel in contemporary global space demands both the rich and poor nations to share the burden.Richard Falk argues that the hazard of ozone depletion requires the involvement of the optimist and pessimist alike (1999, p.28). This means that the current global era shifts the responsibility of solving the ecological damage from immediate domestic actor to a teachable network of actors which could be voluntary or through agreements.It is perhaps correct to say that responses to environmental challenges can be seen in duality, private firms now use slogans like Think globally, act locally to create an open concern towards the decay of the environment. The green peace initiative is in the forefront of disseminating the rejection of scientific developing of nature on energy grounds clean. In doing so its uses its western connection to influence the energy policy of national government across the globe, this is overly similar to what the global civil society (GIS) does. Through an awareness campaign, the (GCS) cajole national governments into subscribing to the international code of conduct on environmental practices.On the other hand however, while it is imperative to think globally and act locally as some environmental activist advocate, the assumption that all environmental problems require global concern is quite misleading. For instance environmental concern arising from human activity on the soil such as deforestation and watershed trouble are certainly dealt with at local level. In spite of emergencies and spread of international networks on environmental problem, the compliance of various nation states is important for overconfident result. Therefore Michael Mann affirms that the policy makers in transnational agencies are also representatives of their various nation state, therefore soft geopolitics remains a viable tool for effective policy implementation (1997,p.490). Moreover the skeptic view finds actuality in the history of interna tional co-operations on global environment, as there are several examples of negotiations failing due to either structural imbalance of the North/South, or because states do not find such engagements helpful to their economic and political concerns.The Copenhagen summit failed due to this kind of suspicion. The weakness of the UN climate convention document as not reflecting the concerns of poor developing countries on the limit of emission reduction, created the deadlock negotiations at Copenhagen.Notwithstanding, one thing the Copenhagen summit would have achieved today is the fact that national governments are now well informed of the reality of climate change, therefore legislations from various national governments now seeks to address climate change within their own internal agencies.Global CitizenshipThe current age of information technology has made the monopoly of information by nation states difficult. Across geographical boundaries peoples access to information on global development creates the opportunity for them to have varieties of preferences on products and life styles. Gone are the long time when the flow of information was managed by government to suit their policy interest, currently peoples free access to information have made them widely distributed in their character (Ohmae 1990, p.19).The swiftness of information travel from the internet and cable network in an increasingly globalised world provides a background for understanding the changing role of the state with regards to citizenship. Richard Falk has described citizenship as a shifting set of relationship and attitude without any necessary territorial delimitation (Brecher 1993, p.39). The dynamics of economic, cultural and ecological transformation offered by globalization is responsible for this shift.Therefore human experience in contemporary global era makes global citizenship irreversible as it is impossible to territorially manage the relations of people. As stated in Ohma es borderless world, The Japanese have become global citizens through perpetual travel abroad. This he claims would not have been possible in the past if not for the flow of information around the world. (1990, p.19).Conversely, the global citizenship phenomenon has been challenge by skeptic who holds to the view that nationalism remains a powerful devise to the primary identity which gives people the rights and privileges they enjoy within a given boundary. They argue (Skeptics) that the legitimate role of citizen has been offered by the foundation of political democracy through constitutional framework which allows for periodic elections and the assurance of rights. However the generalization of global citizenship may have been overstated.The evidences are more conspicuous in Europe where the mentality towards market, politics and security has been largely de-territorialized. By contrast this mentality does not find credence in sub-Saharan Africa were negotiations to act collectiv ely has often been a mirage. (Falk 1990, P.159).Post-Nuclear Politic- Understanding the New World Order The dominant discourse after the two bully wars in political life has been how to fashion out a universal body to govern the world as a whole. The defining political challenge was to establish a world order based on sustainable democratic principles. A consciousness that was pioneered by the Western states after the lesson learnt from hard geopolitics was to throw a world order bases on collective action.Therefore the concept of globalization and the use of soft geopolitics sets an agenda to restructure the world without necessarily going through the face of transformation that occurred in Europe.(Mann 1997,p.493). Consequently, threats ranging from rising nuclear tension in states like Pakistan and India and separatist agitations in other countries around the world play along to slap down reluctant militarist nations in global affairs. Globalization however offers a plausible platform to contain potential danger through global geopolitical order. In this regards, the United Nations represent a marginal player in global security concern. Even though its more often accused of failing, the evident bearing has shifted towards regionalism. The approach to build a global governance structure through regionalism has yielded positive results. With an experience from the European Union, security issues are now articulated within regions shaped by the UN charter . At least it is apparent that regional institution remains feasible potential network towards the emergence of positive globalism.In refuting the impact of global governance over the nation state, Max Weber maintains that the monopoly of territory remains a distinctive own which only the modern state possesses (1968, p.56). This means that the prevailing role of governance is exclusive to nation states, therefore the choice to engage in the society of states or international relations is not forceful but dependent on the willingness do so. Since nation states develop into self-sufficient entities acting on their own will (Bull 1977).Globalization and GovernanceAccording to the Keynesian welfare state which calls for powerful government involvement in economic planning and social welfare, the developed economies of the world embraced the Keynesian model since the end of WW II until the 1970s. This system thrived as it became an effective management tool that strengthened the network between states in relation to the market. However the economic crisis at the end of the 1970s informed by the oil strike of Arab and the resultant economic downturn, paved way for rapid economic liberalisation and fiscal control.The wave of globalization has coerced national governments to reshape their functions towards a vast catalyst role of consensus building and mediation as against been the provider (UN, 2001, World cosmos Sector 21). Hence, the liberal economic consciousness revamped the role of central governments in interfering with their national economy to mere regulatory roles, bases on neo liberal ideas. It is fascinating to discover that the adoption of new watchdog role as offered by open economic market principles in the United Kingdom witness speedy economic recovery than the socialist economic model of France at that time (Sorensen 2004 33). The authorities that states exercise in managing economic activities became private regulated by non-state actors in the global political economy.Nonetheless, a complex network does exist between the state and the market in addressing governance issues. For instance, the Global Reporting scuttle (GLI) which is saddled with the responsibility of measuring the private actors impact comprises of NGOS, MNCS, the government and professional bodies. On the other hand also economic and political networks at the regional level have emerged viz - ASEAN, NAFTA, EU and the AU all comprised of nations states showing awareness and wiline ss tackling the prevailing demands of globalization.It is safe to state that globalization has transformed state structure and national government in coming to terms with the dynamics that the era presents. New partnerships between public and private sector have been on the rise and this has led government to be more accountable and productive. The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs established in Mexico and Brazil have been adopted by many other states in the United States, e.g. The New York Citys Opportunity NYC (World Bank Seminar 2007).Conclusion-The culmination of factors necessitated by the wave of globalization has provoked many thoughts concerning the in store(predicate) of the state. Indeed numerous revelations emanating from the literates suggest that the nations state has lost its role, some other thoughts argue the state still retain its character. It is against this background that I delve into the dianoetic debate. It has become clear to me that the impact of g lobalization is multi dimensional. Consequently the triumph of globalism over nationalism remains an ironic claim if not dubious this is so because at every point of convergence the state remains an unsurpassed political actor for global engagements.While I do not affirm to be statist in my disposition or ascribe to the borderless world thesis, I correspond from my finding, that states are responding to the dynamics of global pressure and that the market is still subject to state control to some extent.In sum, the world has become anarchical with the technological advancement of our age, much as economic globalization has made the world plentiful with global product. Therefore the structure of global governance rests upon an engaging society of state rather than an imaginary global society. Hence impartial proposals, trade-offs and negotiations will help erect a true international society.

Impact Of The Belief System On Perception Of Mental Illness Philosophy Essay

Impact Of The Belief System On Perception Of Mental Illness Philosophy EssayThe present study aims to assess the tinge of effect system on perception of rational sickness. Belief system is major principle from which one live ones daily life, those which g overn ones vistas, words, and actions. With forbidden these principles one could not function. Belief system essentially makes up who we argon. Our effect system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or hope in. This study would be helpful in identifying the impact of touch sensation system on perception of noetic illness and preferred mode of discourse.A tactual sensation is not merely an idea the mind possesses it is an idea that possesses the mind.A dogma is a thought we hold and deeply trust most something. Beliefs tend to be buried deep within the subconscious with the result that they trigger automatic reactions and behaviors. We seldom question whims we hold them to be truths.Belief loosely, whatever an individual is impulsive to accept without direct verification by experience or without the support of evidence, and take as a basis for action or non-action. META HISTORY.ORG. (Beyond the tyranny of beliefs)The constitution of belief systems.People puddle different beliefs about different perspectives of life. It affects our life and how we move in the world. What we do and dont believe dictates how we set up our life, our moods and everything we experience.Belief systems are original to human existence and there are a few ideas worth exploring to see if anything hindquarters be determined about their origins. Without getting into brain physiology or psychology, there are a few conclusions we can draw from general observation. The brain is our information processing center, so it is capable of accepting data stimulant drug and analyzing it. However, lets break the functions down a little more precisely. Data coming in is always examined howe ver most of it never reaches the conscious portion of our thought processes, so there is a background process which acts as a filter on the data organism entered. Should something unusual occur, our conscious mind is alerted to the distinction and we can now consciously analyze what is taking place. There are also other processes which mustinessiness occur for this to bestow properly, in that the brain must be capable of retrieving pertinent information when it is needed, so there is cl early an organizing capability in the brain that allows data relationships to be established. While this may get out brain operation at a high level, theres a basic problem that needs to be addressed how do we know what information is relevant or useful? There is no doubt that much of the information processed is simply background noise in that it represents events that we capture grown wedded to since birth, so we dont pay any particular attention to them. So when we encountered something new or different we need to have a quick mechanism to be able to classify the data without protracted analysis. After all, whatever we have encountered could threaten our survival, so while we could contemplate it during a more leisurely interval, we must be capable of immediately assessing where it fits among our existing pool of data. Such a scenario requires that, in addition to basic organization, the brain utilizes some form of a manakin or worldview against which data is evaluated and collected. This worldview or belief system would consist of data drawn from experience that represents our subjective sense of the world around us. It doesnt necessarily have to be factually correct, but it does need to be operational.As an example, if ghosts are not a part of the belief system, then unusual happenings or noises, dont immediately kindle a response of supernatural origins. Instead, we would look for the apparent motion of the event among our experiential knowledge. Similarly all t he data we encounter must fit into our belief system. (Gerhard Adam, 2009).A belief is whatever an individual is willing to accept without direct verification by experience or without the support of evidence, resulting in assumption which is taken as a basis for action or non-action.Societies, cultures, religions and individuals contribute to the diversity of our world. Each persons beliefs, values and attitudes create ones own unique belief system, each exclusive belief system being valid for the individual. These basic components, manipulated by inward and outward events are the essence of that which drives influences and motivates human sentiment that leads to behavior (Walsch, 2003).Negative behaviors and interactions in work environments often stem from human beings diverse belief systems. In an effort to understand each others belief systems, it is important to first understand ones own belief system. Understanding is vital for building a respectful civilization. (Connie M. R oss, 2004)Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true. Belief system is the actual set of precept from which one live ones daily life, those which govern ones thoughts, words, and actions. Without these precepts one could not function. Belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. These beliefs are regarding too many things like beliefs about food, health, illness etc. (John Stuart Mill, 1863)A moral disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern associated with bother or disability that occurs in an individual and is not a part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental health conditions has transplantd over time and across cultures, and there are still variations in the definition, assessment, and classification of mental disorders, although standard guid eline criteria are widely accepted. (Davies, T. 1997)Mental disorders can start from a combination of sources. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent type currently established. A common belief even to this day is that disorders result from genetic vulnerabilities exposed by environmental stressors. (Diathesis-stress model). However, it is clear enough from a simple statistical analysis across the exclusively spectrum of mental health disorders at least in western cultures that there is a strong relationship between the various forms of severe and complex mental disorder in adulthood and the abuse (physical, sexual or emotional) or neglect of children during the developmental years. Child sexual abuse alone plays a world-shattering single-valued function in the origin of a significant percentage of all mental disorders in adult females, most notable examples being eating disorders and perimeter personalisedity disorder.(Mental disorder in Encyclopedia)Treatme nt and support for mental disorders is provided in psychiatric hospitals, clinics or any of a diverse hunt of community mental health serve wells. In many countries services are increasingly based on a recovery model that is meant to support each individuals independence, choice and personal journey to regain a meaningful life, although individuals may be treated against their will in a minority of cases. There are a range of different types of interference and what is most suitable depends on the disorder and on the individual. Many things have been found to help at least some throng, and a placebo effect may play a parting in any intervention or medication. (Phillip W. Long, M.D. 1995-2009)The first supposition is that mental illness is caused by cancerous and nefarious supernatural entities. The main symptom of this illness is possession in varied degrees. The main adherents of this theory are in tribal a churl societies, however one comes across these ideas not only in s mall towns but in metropolises also. This would explain the popularity of improve centers that deal with spirit possession in several parts of India. matchless of the extremely well(p) known centers of this type is a temple of the monkey-go (Hanuman), known as the Bala-ji temple, in the district of Sawai Madhopur in Rajasthan, which is visited by people of all shades of life (Kakar, 1982). Recently, after the Erwadi incident, in the state of Tamil Nadu, in which twenty-seven mentally ill patients who were chained to poles and trees died in an unintended fire, we have learnt of a number of religious shrines in India reputed to render cure to mentally sick people (see Wadhwa, 2001).At one end of the continuum lies the supernatural theory of mental illness, at the other is the bio-chemical theory. This continuum overlaps that of the societies at one end are the tribal and peasant societies, at the other the complex, industrial and post-industrial societies. It also indicates that a s societies change from simple to complex, the theory ofcausation mental illness also changes from the supernatural to the bio-chemical. Some grain of truth certain lies in this proposition, for it is highly unlikely that tribal an peasant societies would subscribe to the bio-chemical theory of mental illness. In these societies it is not only mental illness but also physical illness, which is understood as being caused by supernatural factors. Moreover, it has also been observed that many tribal and peasant societies do not maintain a distinction between physical and mental illness (Becker andKleinman, 1999). An important observation here is that urban Indians including those belonging to highly educated, upper classes often attribute mental illness to supernatural causes. These theories of disease causation have implications for the treatment of mental illness. Those believing in supernatural causation will approach the ghostly healers. If mental illness is viewed as consequence of shock, the belief is that in course of time the person will recover from it, therefore counseling will constitute the main treatment. When bio-chemical deviations in the brain are seen as causing mental illness, the people are likely to approach psychiatrists for treatment and counseling. It is also likely they may combine both supernatural and biochemical treatments, presume the absence of any contradiction between them.An important part of mental health is how you perceive the world around you. Your sense organs receive signals and go along them through the nervous system to the brain, which processes the information. The mind then interprets that information. There are some built in filters, which help the process. For example, you can sometimes filter out background noise, so that you can concentrate on what you are doing without distraction. Attitudes and emotions can affect the perception process. You may read the implications of what another person says and his body nom enclature differently, depending on if you like the person or not. (Ron Kurtus 29 August 2004)Our belief system is the actual set of precepts from which we live our daily life, those which govern our thoughts, words, and actions. Without these precepts we could not function, so in order to take this journey, and to give it some meaning.Belief systems involve stories, or myths, whose exposition can give people insight into how they should feel, think, and/or behave. The voluptuous polytheistic mythologies of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations are a good example of how belief systems can affect the daily life of a orders members and the role they can play in giving significance to peoples actions. The most prominent systems of beliefs tend to be those associated with formal religions however, any system of belief in which the interpretation of stories affects peoples behavior, a system of superstitions, for example can be a living, contributing component of a given societys culture. Values and beliefs as components of culture.Our concern here is with belief systems, which we might equally call religions, ideologies, philosophies, worldviews, or ways of life.Belief system always has an ideology or philosophy, a collection of ideas, a framework for organizing thoughts.One important function of a belief system is to serve as a framework for thought and action. It explains where the world comes from and where its going what our purpose in it is how society should be organized how people should treat each other when youre messing up and what to do about it. All this is very comforting, and allows believers to focus their energies. (Mark Rosenfelder, 1998)Our Belief System can be one of our most powerful assets or our worst enemy. Our belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012).There are different beliefs prevails about the causes of disorders and according to beliefs, people adopts different treatments to cure themselves from these disease.They have beliefs that there are supernatural power factors, social factors, personal factors and also biological factors which, contribute to psychological problems and different people have their specific beliefs about meliorate such as spiritual healing, psychological treatment, medical exam treatment and sometimes these methods are used in combination of two like medical and spiritual and psychological and spiritual as well.The term supernatural or supranatural (Latin super, supra above + natura nature) pertains to being above beyond or what is natural, unexplainable by natural law or phenomena. (Joseph Jastrow, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918 Study of Beliefs and Attitudes)There are different categories of supernatural powers, such as Taweez (amulets),Witchcraft, Jinn possession, magic or spirit possession, Evil Eye, inspired punishment and Gods Will. P eople have beliefs that these supernatural powers can cause physical as well as psychological diseases. People believe that these powers can cause different bodily as well as psychological diseases. They have beliefs about causes of mental illness which include personal causes and social causes of mental illness such as addiction, lack of will power, monetary distress and stressful circumstances etc.The people also believe that biological factors also can cause a psychological illness.these biological factors includehereditary,contact with mentally ill, child birth and chemical imbalances. And according to their belief about the causes of illness they adopt the type of treatment which they believe. The types of treatment for mental illness in Pakistan are different as most of the people dont have awareness about these illnesses. Most preferred treatment option is spiritual healing, then doctor (general physician and less adopted treatment is consulting to psychologists/psychiatrist s.Spiritual healing is a phenomenon in which a disease is vulcanised without prescribing any medicine by performing some religious rituals. A healer may act as an intermediary. In all the other types of healing methods such as Allopathic, homeopathic, desi and unani, some medicines are prescribed to take, by which the disease is cured but in this method of spiritual healing, the healer uses only his spiritual powers and some particular to cure any disease. It also involves in dealing with the psychological problems of the people i.e. some psychological diseases treated by it and some people psychologically feel satisfied visiting any spiritual healer.In this system of healing, the cure is related to spiritual healer where divine powers moves in the detainment of the healer which he gains through complex act of meditation.All cultures have unique ways to identify, understand and deal with symptoms of what mainstream society calls mental illness, as well as different reference point s for describing atypical behaviors. Different diagnostic schema or terminologies may exist, and causes may be attributed to folk beliefs rather than psychological or biologic causes. Often the preferred means of dealing with these symptoms is through native healers, religious rites, or holistic and alternative medicine. Many have traditionally heady problems within the family, and focus more on external environmental circumstances that affect the individual rather than intrinsic processes (Lim, 2006).In a report canvas gains in mental health, the U.S. Surgeon General found, Even more than other areas of health and medicine, the mental health field is plagued bydisparities in the availability of and introduction to its services, and multi-cultural ethnic groups bear the heaviest burden of unmet mental health needs and reduced productivity (Surgeon Generals Report on Mental wellness 1999 2001).The actual desire of pro mental health treatment may be delayed until problems have be come especially intense and beyond the supports their cultural communities can provide. As a result, cultural groups are underserved in outpatient community basedprograms. If accepted for outpatient treatment, fewer services or treatment sessions are utilized and treatment often terminates early with feelings of alienation. Few studies have documented successful outcomes of mental health treatment among multi-cultural populations, even when ethnic and language matching have been tried (Snowden, undated). Delays in seeking treatment and premature terminations create a cyclical reliance on increasingly more costly crisis services. (Munoz, Sanchez, SAMHSA-WICHE, undated). Private sector programs typically are unassailable to members of minority cultural groups (SAMHSA, 1996).Contributory factors for the under-utilization of the mental health system are socio-economic, familial, financial, geographic inaccessibility and problems related to immigration status. These have been attributed to access barriers created by financial deterrents to seeking care, program locations and service hours, and treatment problems related to misdiagnosis (USDHHS, SAMHSA, 1997). Language barriers (especially during assessment and treatment), cultural misunderstandings, prejudice, and difficultieswith acculturation to American society also play a role (Corrigan P et. al, 2008). In care, communication difficulties may lead to inappropriate treatment (Sue et al., 1991) HYPERLINK http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850Lopez HYPERLINK http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850HYPERLINK http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850 Hernandez, 1986), ineffective case management and inadequate referrals (New York State Office of Mental Health (NYSOMH), 1997). Such alienation may lead to premature drop-out from treatment (Snowden, 1996, 2001 Proctor HYPERLINK http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209290HYPERLINK http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209290 Davis, 1994). Other deterrents include lack o f knowledge about available services, distance from service center, limited hours of operation, and lack of child-care.Belief drives behavior, but often belief is not based on experience and so does not reach or conjecture the intimately lived dimension of human existenceSome things are proposed to have certain properties which may belogically inconsistent, and hence these things can be prove not to exist.Dr. Niclas Berggren from A Note on the Concept of Belief.To start our journey in life, we create a set of beliefs, which define us. As part of our healing process, we take our beliefs as our ultimate truth and often do not sway from them. Sometimes, it is necessary to reinvent our belief system and redefine our values so that we can see clearer and be able to achieve the fulfilling life that we desire. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012)Mind medicine imparts the healing power on the entire body. This can be seen repeatedly in many forms of Eastern medicine. The psychological root-cause of each persons belief system, which becomes the texture of how we live our lives, can be expressed in the subtle energies of the body as well as in the expression of disease. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012).Healers and religious men in the succeeding generation further attempted to organize. Contemporary thoughts about mental illness and to develop appropriate diagnostic categorizes while some men perceived disordered behavior as sickness of the soul. Others brought early beginning of scientific thinking to the effort to understand the mystery of human abnormality. Unfortunately, the progressive gains of the Greeks and Romans Empire. The dark brought revival of demonology, intricate theological explanations and magical forms of exorcism. No matter what form of therapy we use, be it spiritual, psychological, medicinal, we are only capable in balancing our lives as we are by the beliefs we hold in our heart.

Thor: Comparison of Myths and Comic Books

Thor Comparison of Myths and Comic BooksThe modern day image of a superhero consists of either Superman or Batman riding in a high-speed railcar and swinging off of buildings hundreds of feet from the ground, desperately trying to save the innocent victim. A Norse God with long blonde pilus, a winged metal helmet, and a bright red cape with blue leggings is probably not an ordinary image being pictured in ones head. Superheroes come in all varieties, shapes, and forms, except behind each superhero lies a secret to why they were created. The reasons for creation range from events that previously occurred in history to recent changes in todays society. Comic book superheroes were thusly influenced by history, but the comic book superheroes also continually influence history itself. This reciprocal influence continues to affect the generations of comic book fans for years on end.Comic book creators have been known for using a strategy to create characters which tend to resemble inf amous gods to separate the common ideal somebody heroes from the indestructible immortals. By using this strategy, comic book creators ar able to give their characters a fierce outer shell with a scholarly shake up (Reynolds 53). With the creation of the decent Thor comic book character in 1962, Lee and Thomas used this strategy perfectly (54). Asgardian characters were just ready-made superheroes waiting to be transformed into the comic-book world (57). Being foretelld one of the most unusual creations in comic book history, Thor truly defined the first successful attempt to decree existing mythology on a large scale to construct the mise en scene of a superhero (54).In relation to history, Thor was the son of Odin, the universal generate, and Frigga queen of the gods. His name dates back to ancient Norse Mythology where he was known for his incredible strength and enormous size. This continually amazed the gods (Guerber 59). Recognized as the god of thunder with a magical ha mmer, he was honoured as the highest god in Norway (60). Thor was always right in the middle of action when it came to battling against raging monsters, deadly giants, and prehistoric forces. There are three main properties that define Thors character when he becomes involved in battle. The first is his infamous hammer Miollnir which symbolizes the crushing skulls of monsters and giants. The second is his belt of strength which when buckled, makes his godly powers multiply. Last are his iron gloves which he must wear in order to swing his hammer (Page 40).There is a direct correlation in the midst of the mythical Thor and the comic-book character the Mighty Thor. From both the physical aspects and the characteristics of their personalities, Norse legends have heavily influenced the modern comic-book superheroes (Knowles 29). The Mighty Thor is visualized as a marvelous fat man, with strawberry blonde locks, and blue eyes. He also speaks in a very distinct old English accent. An example is when the mighty Thor proclaims, Thy work is done, father Let it be known far and wide that the full might of Mjolnir is restored (0000). Whereas the mythical Thor is closely described as a man in his prime, tall and well formed, with muscular limbs and bristling red hair and beard(Guerber 60). Both characters also share the same love of being involved in battle, and depend on their mighty hammer. Although, the mythical Thor depends on his hammer for security and power, the Mighty Thor uses his hammer to transform into Don Blake and back into Thor (Page 13). The mythical Thor was also known for his outlandish and severe outrages which eventually became uncontrollable. Consequently, his mother displace him away from home and placed him in the care of Vingir and Hlora. This is where his other names Vingthor and Hlorridi derived from (Guerber 59). Much like the mythical Thor being sent away from his homeland, the Mighty Thor was sent away from Asgard to earth as a punishmen t from his father because of his arrogance (Reynolds 54). From these comparisons one can obviously conclude that the artist, knave Kirby, was truly fascinated with Norse legends. Since his childhood, Norse legends formed the basis for his imagination and gave him great inspiration when it came to graphically representing the Mighty Thor on paper (Misiroglu 599).History has indeed influenced the creation of the Mighty Thor, but another question should be raised. Has the Mighty Thor influenced history? With the debut of the Mighty Thor in 1962, the hippie era was on the rise. long hair, bell bottom jeans, and tie-die were some of the trends getting ready to appear. The country was also getting ready to be faced with the Vietnam turmoil which would greatly influence comic-book creators and their story-lines to come. The Mighty Thor has always been known for fighting out against powerful Communists and mad scientists (Knowles 191). Throughout most of the Marvel comic-books, villains w ere represented as Communists. Some superheroes would actually have to expire straight into the heart of the Viet-Cong for battle. In the famous 1965 series, Journey into the Mystery, the Mighty Thor was found in South Vietnam assisting a group of anti-communist peasants. Both the peasants and Thor were taking on the inclement Viet Cong military. Along the way, Thor also liberated a Vietnamese family from Communism where he promised a village he would return (Wright 222). With the Vietnam conflict raging among citizens all over the United States, young adolescents were getting ready to burst out. The Mighty Thors heavy anti-communism propaganda, influenced readers of all ages. One way Thor truly influenced the youth culture was actually unwilled towards young men. Preceding a couple of years after the Might Thors debut, his long golden hair would become a fashionable trend. This long hair then became a symbol of rebellion and rage for young people all over the nation (213). The hippie era had begun.

What To Do About The Pollution Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Envir

What To Do About The PollutionHave you ever stopped to think about what our personal motor vehicles argon doing to our environment? Gasoline provide vehicles are one of the biggest ca gives of the depletion of our ozone. There are so many ways we can clean up our environment, however outgrowth we need to stop polluting it. If a major action were to be taken, efficient funds would need to be put in in order for any digest to be successful. That is why I propose that in order to fund conservation of the natural environment, the federal government should increase gasoline tax by $1.00 per gallon. It unaccompanied seems fair to bone up the price of the major cause of the pollution problem.In order to reduce pollution, mass out-migration in cities seems like it would be a good idea. Buses, subways, and slack rail systems are all forms of mass transportation. However, even though this takes cars off the streets, it still puts pollution into the air. Another downside of mass trans portation is that people might strike not to use it because of its Inconvenience. People these days are very busy, some plan their days down to every minute. They attend on their personal vehicles so they can run their days according to their own schedules. Another solution that is becoming more common, is the use of ethanol fuel. This is safer for our environment, but it is not 100% ethanol, so it pollutes the air as well.The best way to clean up the environment that I can see is to switch to the use of galvanising automobile vehicles. Currently electric car vehicles are only available by lease. So, I suggest that the property the federal government gets from collecting more gasoline tax, should go toward the research of electric vehicles. As soon as they are perfected, and ready to ... ...nt, they also benefit the consumer.EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html Hopefully by the governments action, enough money leave behind be collected to co ntinue the research and making of electric vehicles. A change from gasoline to electricity would immensely benefit our environment. When compared to other options, electric fuel seems to be the only way to reduce pollution without adding more problems as well. As soon as the market foe electric cars is improved, we will be able to assume preserving our natural environment. Works CitedElectric Vehicles-FAQs.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/ep_faq.html EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html EV-Environmental Benefits.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/envir.html EV-Pioneer Profiles.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/cp_pioneer.html What To Do About The Pollution Essay -- eristical Persuasive EnvirWhat To Do About The PollutionHave you ever stopped to think about what our personal motor vehicles are doing to our environment? Gasoline powered vehicles are one of the biggest causes of the depletion of our ozone. There are so many ways we c an clean up our environment, but first we need to stop polluting it. If a major action were to be taken, efficient funds would need to be collected in order for any project to be successful. That is why I propose that in order to fund conservation of the natural environment, the federal government should increase gasoline tax by $1.00 per gallon. It only seems fair to raise the price of the major cause of the pollution problem.In order to reduce pollution, mass transportation in cities seems like it would be a good idea. Buses, subways, and light rail systems are all forms of mass transportation. However, even though this takes cars off the streets, it still puts pollution into the air. Another downside of mass transportation is that people might choose not to use it because of its Inconvenience. People these days are very busy, some plan their days down to every minute. They depend on their personal vehicles so they can run their days according to their own schedules. Another solut ion that is becoming more common, is the use of ethanol fuel. This is safer for our environment, but it is not 100% ethanol, thus it pollutes the air as well.The best way to clean up the environment that I can see is to switch to the use of electric vehicles. Currently electric vehicles are only available by lease. So, I suggest that the money the federal government gets from collecting more gasoline tax, should go toward the research of electric vehicles. As soon as they are perfected, and ready to ... ...nt, they also benefit the consumer.EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html Hopefully by the governments action, enough money will be collected to continue the research and making of electric vehicles. A change from gasoline to electricity would immensely benefit our environment. When compared to other options, electric fuel seems to be the only way to reduce pollution without adding more problems as well. As soon as the market foe electric cars is i mproved, we will be able to start preserving our natural environment. Works CitedElectric Vehicles-FAQs.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/ep_faq.html EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html EV-Environmental Benefits.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/envir.html EV-Pioneer Profiles.7Oct2001.http//www.sdge.com/EV/cp_pioneer.html

Essays --

How Has Border Control Changed Since 9/11?By Joey Zannotti Border patrol has changed since 9/11 by different ways such as more(prenominal) Agents, More Agencies, More Security Checks, and newer more advanced w completelys, and many more. I. The Numbers The number of wrong Immigrants that interpose the U.S and are living in the U.S illegally is somewhat ten peerless million million million nation. The area that has the most Illegal Immigrants that come from on that point country to the U.S is Mexico with most five point nine million Illegal Immigrants that entered into the U.S illegally. slightly 4 point five Illegal Immigrants come from other Latin American countries that come to the U.S Illegally. Around one thousand four atomic number 6 Immigrants enter the U.S Illegally every single week. The four states with the most Illegal Immigrant living in them are California, Texas, Arizona, and Florida. at that place are somewhat one point cardinal million temporary l egal citizens living in the U.S. In nineteen ninety there were four hundred thousand Illegal Immigrants living in the U.S. In two thousand and four there were around three point nine Illegal Immigrants that were living in the U.S. There are around two point five refugee arrivals. There is about twenty one point seven legal arrivals that come to the U.S. Also there are around ten point three undocumented Illegal Immigrants in the U.S. The number of Illegal Immigrants in nine eleven was way tear down than what the number is at present its increased by about seven million people.The number of Border patrol agencies and agents has increased. (which is a good thing.) The amount of Border Patrol agents during 9/11 was around nine thousand one hundred men and women and now there is about seventeen thousand seven hundred men and wo... ...s and all of the U.Ss citizens. Without the border patrol agencies, there would be chaos everyone would be an illegal citizen, and there would be a very risque amount of people living in the U.S, and the population would have an effect on the amount of jobs there are for citizens and there would be a study amount of stateless people, and a lot of people who have lost their jobs because there are no jobs for everyone, because the population is so high and it would be a war on jobs. Bibliography(book) The Closing of the American Border By Edward Alden(book) Immigration Wars By Jeb Bush, and Clint Bolick.(book) Websters Fourth Edition Dictionary (book) Websters Standard Thesaurus(book) Websters encyclopedia(website) www.ImmigrationPolicy.org(website) www.DHS.gov/security-and-managing-our-borders(website) www.webpages.UIdaho.edu/illegal-immigration Essays -- How Has Border Control Changed Since 9/11?By Joey Zannotti Border patrol has changed since 9/11 by different ways such as More Agents, More Agencies, More Security Checks, and newer more advanced walls, and many more. I. The Numbers The number of Illegal Im migrants that enter the U.S and are living in the U.S illegally is around ten million people. The area that has the most Illegal Immigrants that come from there country to the U.S is Mexico with around five point nine million Illegal Immigrants that entered into the U.S illegally. Around four point five Illegal Immigrants come from other Latin American countries that come to the U.S Illegally. Around one thousand four hundred Immigrants enter the U.S Illegally every single week. The four states with the most Illegal Immigrant living in them are California, Texas, Arizona, and Florida. There are around one point two million temporary legal citizens living in the U.S. In nineteen ninety there were four hundred thousand Illegal Immigrants living in the U.S. In two thousand and four there were around three point nine Illegal Immigrants that were living in the U.S. There are around two point five refugee arrivals. There is about twenty one point seven legal arrivals that come to the U.S. Also there are around ten point three undocumented Illegal Immigrants in the U.S. The number of Illegal Immigrants in nine eleven was way lower than what the number is now its increased by about seven million people.The number of Border Patrol agencies and agents has increased. (which is a good thing.) The amount of Border Patrol agents during 9/11 was around nine thousand one hundred men and women and now there is about seventeen thousand seven hundred men and wo... ...s and all of the U.Ss citizens. Without the border patrol agencies, there would be chaos everyone would be an illegal citizen, and there would be a very high amount of people living in the U.S, and the population would have an effect on the amount of jobs there are for citizens and there would be a major amount of homeless people, and a lot of people who have lost their jobs because there are no jobs for everyone, because the population is so high and it would be a war on jobs. Bibliography(book) The Closing of the American Border By Edward Alden(book) Immigration Wars By Jeb Bush, and Clint Bolick.(book) Websters Fourth Edition Dictionary (book) Websters Standard Thesaurus(book) Websters Encyclopedia(website) www.ImmigrationPolicy.org(website) www.DHS.gov/security-and-managing-our-borders(website) www.webpages.UIdaho.edu/illegal-immigration

Hipaa Privacy Rule :: Healthcare Medical Information Privacy

1. Introduction Today, you view more reason than ever to care about the privacy of your medical tuition. This information was once stored in locked file cabinets and on dusty shelves in the medical records department. Your doctor(s) used to be the sole keeper of your physical and mental health information. With todays recitation of electronic medical records software, information discussed in confidence with your doctor(s) will be recorded into electronic data files. The obvious awe - the potential for your records to be seen by hundreds of strangers who work in health care, the insurance industry, and a host of businesses associated with medical organizations. Fortunately, this catastrohic scenario will likely be avoided.Congress addressed growing public concern about privacy and security of personal health data, and in 1996 passed The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). HIPAA sets the national standard for electronic transfers of health data. in front HIPAA, each state set their own standards. Now states mustiness abide by the minimum standards set by HIPAA. States can enact laws to incorporate and/or strengthen the basic rights given by HIPAA.How HIPAAs Privacy Rule Protects YOU The PatientAccess to your own medical recordsPrior to HIPAA, access to YOUR medical records were not guaranteed by federal law. Only about half the states had laws giving patients the right to see and copy their own medical records. You may be charged for copies but HIPAA sets salary limits. You Must Be Given Notice Of Privacy PracticesHow your medical information is used and let on must now be given to you. The notice must also tell you how to exercise your rights and how to file a complaint with your health care supplier and with the DHHS Office of Civil Rights. HIPAA Requires Accounting of Disclosure DetailsYou have the right to know who has accessed your health records for the prior six years, However there are several exceptions to the accou nting requirement. Accounting is not required when records are disclosed to persons who see your records for treatment, payment, and health care operations. These individuals do not need to be listed in the disclosure log. Filing A Complaint If you believe a health care provider or health plan has violated your privacy you have the right to file a complaint with your health care provider and with DHHS.Special Requests For Confidential Communications. You can make special requests specifying how you would like your doctors office handle confidential communication.